Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of History

Gandhi's Intervention in Champaran: A Victory for Indigo Sharecroppers

The Plight of Indigo Sharecroppers

Indigo sharecroppers in Champaran faced severe exploitation under the British colonial system. They were forced to cultivate indigo on a significant portion of their land and surrender the entire harvest as rent, leading to perpetual debt and hardship.

Gandhi's Arrival and Investigation

Rajkumar Shukla, a determined peasant, sought Mahatma Gandhi's help to address the grievances of the sharecroppers. Gandhi, moved by their plight, traveled to Champaran and conducted a thorough investigation, exposing the injustices faced by the farmers.

Civil Disobedience and Negotiation

Gandhi employed his philosophy of Satyagraha, advocating for nonviolent... Continue reading "Gandhi's Triumph in Champaran: A Turning Point in India's Freedom Struggle" »

Warsaw Pact

The Warsaw Pact was a military alliance created by the USSR and the people democracies in Eastern Europe to defend themselves from the capitalist bloc. The GDR was a new style created in the part controlled by the USSR in the German territory. It was created in 1949 and existed until 1990 when the two German reunified. It was a single party with a planned economy.

United Nations

The United Nations was an organization created on June 20th, 1945, in the conference of San Francisco to replace the League of Nations. Its main objectives initially were maintaining peace worldwide, promoting international cooperation, respecting human rights, and promoting the self-determination of colonies.

Normandy Landing

The Normandy Landing was the arrival... Continue reading "Warsaw Pact, GDR, United Nations, Normandy Landing, Revolution of 1905, Soviets, February Revolution of 1917, October Revolution of 1917" »

CAUSES: The Great Depression

The Great Depression. European nations sought their own solutions such as applying protectionist measures and competition for markets. Totalitarian regimes. When the Nazis implemented an aggressive policy to compensate for the 'humiliation', the neighboring countries opted for a policy of appeasement, which was unsuccessful and two opposing blocs were formed. Militarism and rearmament. Since Germany violated the Treaty of Versailles by rearming, aggressive speech, military parades, and uniforms once again became commonplace in Europe. Territorial conflicts and expansionism. The old conflicts reignited in the territories that had passed into the hands of other nations after the First World War and Germany reasserted... Continue reading "Causes and Consequences of World War II: A Comprehensive Overview" »

Opcion B

Clara Barton: American Red Cross Founder

1º.

A)T (no unmarried woman had ever gone to the battlefield before, but barton was determined to go and she didn't stop until someone gave her premission)

B)T (while abroad, barton came into contact with the international committee of the red cross)

2º.

A)Barton opens an office to found prisioners and missing men and identifying to unmarked graves.

B)She create an office of the red cross.

3º

A) eager

B) sep ut

C) impressive

D) commiment

4º

A) had know/would have joined

B) who/became

C) resigning/whose

D)He asked Mary when the Red Cross had been founded in her country

Shanghai Massacres and Extermination Campaigns

• NRA liberated Shanghai from the warlords
• Chiang feared a general strike and a CCP takeover
• Chiang attacked and killed anyone suspected to be communist
• White Terror, many casualties

Consequences of the Massacres

• Failed to crush communists
• Split within the KMT, and Chiang expelled from the party
• Policy of the united front between KMT and Communists was affirmed
  • Policy meant peace between both parties
  • In a near future calling for elections for rightful power in China
• Stalin rejected this policy
• CCP weakened
• KMT was united again, Chiang was leader again
• CCP tried Stalin's aggressive policy, were crushed each time
• KMT broke off all relations with the CCP
• 1927 was disastrous for CCP
• New Soviet advisers were sent into

It took some time for U.S. law and politics to connect itself to the global economy. For years, the country was divided over whether those connections were necessary, and, then, which government agency has the obligation to maintain the connection. It came down to the US Supreme Court, who made conclusions that influence international economics to the present day. We'll take a look at the key cases, all of which are still controversial decades later. Since the U.S. dollar remains the currency of choice for world business today, quite a few of America's international business partners know these ageing Supreme Court rulings backwards-and-forwards as well. Knowledge is power, especially when billions of dollars are at stake around the world.... Continue reading "The Influence of Military Power on Foreign Policy and International Economics" »

End of the War: Allies are Victorious

9. END OF THE WAR: ALLIES ARE VICTORIOUS

1. - 1943 British forces gained control of North Africa and Italy, forcing Mussolini to surrender.

2. - In June 1944, Allied forces landed on Normandy, France. D-day.

3. - In May 1945, Germany surrendered. In August 1945, the United States used the atomic bomb with Japan. World War 2 was over.

End of the War: Results of the War

10. END OF THE WAR: RESULTS OF THE WAR

1. - United States and Soviet Union emerged as the most powerful countries in the world.

2. - In 1945, some 50 nations formed the United Nations, an international peacekeeping organization.

Cold War: Definition

11. COLD WAR: DEFINITION

It was a period of tense rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union.

New Technology & Tactics

Tank corps & RFC growing in importance; awareness of importance of these new weapons.

Significant improvements to tank technology & tactics in particular. Tanks employed en masse and with infantry filing behind to ‘mop up’.

Improvement of artillery; ‘Creeping Barrage’ made more effective by better communications & ‘106 fuse’ shells designed to explode horizontally.

Battle of Arras & Failure of Nivelle

Designed as a diversion to Nivelle’s upcoming offensive.

Element of surprise achieved with only short artillery bombardment preceding the attack. Artillery also far more effective.

Infantry approached German trenches through tunnels to minimize casualties.

Efficacy of ‘Combined Arms Tactics’... Continue reading "World War I Battles: New Technology and Tactics" »