Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Biology

1. Bioelements O biogenic elements.

Are the chemical elements that are part of living matter. We found about 70 chemical elements forming part of living matter, these are in various proportions and not all are present in all living things. In accordance with its wealth divide:
Bioelements-primary.
Bioelements-side.

• Bioelements Primary: These are found in greater proportion, are present in all biomolecules. Represents around 95% by weight of living matter. They are the C, O, H, N and to a lesser extent P and S.
  These items have been selected among all those who constitute the Earth's crust to form living matter, although except oxygen are the most abundant, possessing features among which are the following:

1-have incomplete outer electron... Continue reading "Bioelements" »

GMO - Genetically modified organisms


Benefits and Risks
Advantages
Key benefits of biotechnology are:
·
Superior performance. By GMO crop yield increases, giving more food for fewer resources, reducing crop losses as well as environmental factors

• Reduced pesticide Whenever a GMO is modified to resist a particular pest is helping to reduce pesticide use associated with it that often cause widespread environmental damage and health. ^[

• Improved nutrition can be reached by introducing vitamins and protein on food and reduce the allergens and natural toxins. You can also try to grow in extreme conditions as auxiliaries to the countries that have less food available.

Improves the development of new materiales.La application of biotechnology... Continue reading "Advantages and disadvantages of biotechnology" »

POSITIONS OF PLACEMENT OF PATIENTS
Supine or dorsal
In the anatomical position, the patient remains with his hands on either side of the body, arms extended, adducted thumbs and hands of pronation.
The head is held erect and the feet pointing forward. The knees and fingers in slight flexion
The patient is lying on your back with legs extended, attached to the upper and lower body together.
Uses:
· Examination of the chest, abdomen, upper and lower limbs.
· Postoperative.
And Accommodation in bed
· Position change.
· Palpation of the breasts.
Contraindications:
· Elders.
· Lung disease.
Sick of long-term ·
Prone position or ventral


Also called prone. In this position the patient lies on his abdomen and chest, his head... Continue reading "Positions" »

Corn
Kingdom Plantae
Traqueofita Division
Angiosperm Class
Subclass Monocotyledoneae
Cereals Order
Family Poaceae (Gramineae)
Scientific name (genus and species) Zea mays

Bean

Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Magnoliophyta
Class:	Magnoliopsida
Subclass:	Rosidae
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Fabaceae
Subfamily:	Faboideae
Tribe:	Phaseoleae
Subtribe:

... Continue reading "Example of classification of animals: kingdom, family, class, order and scientific names" »

Abdomen (1)

Concept: The abdomen is the part of the body located between the chest (thorax) and the pelvis.

Functions (possibly related):

1. Digestive function

It houses organs such as the stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas, responsible for digestion and nutrient absorption.

2. Excretory function

It contains organs like the kidneys and urinary tract, which filter waste and regulate body fluids.

3. Reproductive function

In women, it includes reproductive organs such as the uterus and ovaries.

4. Protective function

Abdominal muscles and the peritoneum protect internal organs from injuries.

5. Mechanical function

Abdominal muscles assist in breathing, posture, coughing, vomiting, and the expulsion of feces and urine.

6. Metabolic and storage function

The... Continue reading "Abdomen and Viscera: Structure, Functions and Digestive Organs" »

Meiosis: A mechanism of sexual reproduction that combines and enriches genetic information from parents to offspring, creating genetic diversity that helps the species adapt to environmental changes.

Chromosome structure: Each chromosome consists of two identical chromatin filaments called sister chromatids, joined by a centromere. Both chromatids contain duplicated genetic information. The centromere divides each chromatid into two regions called arms.

Key Differences Between Mitosis and Meiosis

... Continue reading "Mitosis vs Meiosis: Cell Division Explained" »

1. Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy: The study of body structure. It asks: What parts does the body have, and what do they look like?

Physiology: The study of body function. It asks: How do body parts work?

Complementarity: Structure and function are related. The way a body part is built helps it do its job.

Example: Anatomy studies the heart's structure. Physiology studies how the heart pumps blood.

2. Levels of Organization

Memorize the order: subatomic particles > atoms > molecules > macromolecules > organelles > cells > tissues > organs > organ systems > organism

• Subatomic particles: Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
• Atoms: The smallest units of an element.
• Molecules: Two or more atoms joined together.
• Macromolecules: Large

... Continue reading "Anatomy and Physiology: Body Organization, Homeostasis and Feedback" »

Biology Study Summary:

Scientific Method and Measurement

• Hypothesis-driven science: Starts with a question or hypothesis. A hypothesis is a tentative, testable explanation or prediction based on observations. A theory has been repeatedly tested and consistently supported.
• Discovery science: Focuses on observations and data ("What do we observe?").
• The meniscus: The curved line on a graduated cylinder used to measure volume. Read from the bottom of the curve (e.g., 5 mL is just below the 5).

Chemistry of Life and Solutions

• pH: A measure of acidity or basicity in a solution.
• Acid: Has an increased concentration of H⁺ ions and decreased OH^- ions.
• Base: Has an increased concentration of OH^- ions and decreased H⁺ ions.
• Buffer: Resists a change in pH.
• Polarity:

... Continue reading "Essential Biology Concepts and Principles" »

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy is the branch of biological science that studies the structure, shape, size, location, and relationship of different parts of the human body. It explains how organs, tissues, bones, and systems are arranged. The term is derived from Greek words meaning “to cut apart,” as early studies involved dissecting bodies to understand internal structures.

Branches of Anatomy

• Gross Anatomy: Study of body structures visible to the naked eye (e.g., heart, lungs, bones).
• Microscopic Anatomy: Study of structures requiring a microscope, including cells and tissues.
• Developmental Anatomy: Study of changes in body structure during growth.

Importance of Anatomy

• Helps in understanding body structure.
• Assists in the diagnosis and treatment

... Continue reading "Human Anatomy and Physiology: Essential Concepts and Systems" »

Anatomy and Physiology: Definitions and Scope

Anatomy is the branch of biological science that deals with the study of the structure of the human body and the relationship between its different parts. It includes the study of organs, tissues, bones, muscles, and body systems. The scope of anatomy covers gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, developmental anatomy, regional anatomy, and systemic anatomy.

Physiology is the branch of science that studies the normal functions of the human body and how its organs, tissues, and systems work together to maintain life. It explains processes such as respiration, circulation, digestion, excretion, and nerve conduction. The scope of physiology includes cell physiology, neurophysiology, cardiovascular physiology,... Continue reading "Comprehensive Study of Human Biological Systems" »