Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Biology

1. Bioelements O biogenic elements.

Are the chemical elements that are part of living matter. We found about 70 chemical elements forming part of living matter, these are in various proportions and not all are present in all living things. In accordance with its wealth divide:
Bioelements-primary.
Bioelements-side.

• Bioelements Primary: These are found in greater proportion, are present in all biomolecules. Represents around 95% by weight of living matter. They are the C, O, H, N and to a lesser extent P and S.
  These items have been selected among all those who constitute the Earth's crust to form living matter, although except oxygen are the most abundant, possessing features among which are the following:

1-have incomplete outer electron... Continue reading "Bioelements" »

GMO - Genetically modified organisms


Benefits and Risks
Advantages
Key benefits of biotechnology are:
·
Superior performance. By GMO crop yield increases, giving more food for fewer resources, reducing crop losses as well as environmental factors

• Reduced pesticide Whenever a GMO is modified to resist a particular pest is helping to reduce pesticide use associated with it that often cause widespread environmental damage and health. ^[

• Improved nutrition can be reached by introducing vitamins and protein on food and reduce the allergens and natural toxins. You can also try to grow in extreme conditions as auxiliaries to the countries that have less food available.

Improves the development of new materiales.La application of biotechnology... Continue reading "Advantages and disadvantages of biotechnology" »

POSITIONS OF PLACEMENT OF PATIENTS
Supine or dorsal
In the anatomical position, the patient remains with his hands on either side of the body, arms extended, adducted thumbs and hands of pronation.
The head is held erect and the feet pointing forward. The knees and fingers in slight flexion
The patient is lying on your back with legs extended, attached to the upper and lower body together.
Uses:
· Examination of the chest, abdomen, upper and lower limbs.
· Postoperative.
And Accommodation in bed
· Position change.
· Palpation of the breasts.
Contraindications:
· Elders.
· Lung disease.
Sick of long-term ·
Prone position or ventral


Also called prone. In this position the patient lies on his abdomen and chest, his head... Continue reading "Positions" »

Corn
Kingdom Plantae
Traqueofita Division
Angiosperm Class
Subclass Monocotyledoneae
Cereals Order
Family Poaceae (Gramineae)
Scientific name (genus and species) Zea mays

Bean

Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Magnoliophyta
Class:	Magnoliopsida
Subclass:	Rosidae
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Fabaceae
Subfamily:	Faboideae
Tribe:	Phaseoleae
Subtribe:

... Continue reading "Example of classification of animals: kingdom, family, class, order and scientific names" »

Human Digestive System

Two Types of Digestion

• Mechanical digestion: The physical breakdown of food.
  • Examples: Chewing in the mouth, churning in the stomach, and segmentation in the small intestine.
• Chemical digestion: Breaking down molecules with enzymes and acids.
  • Examples: Salivary amylase in the mouth, pepsin in the stomach, and pancreatic enzymes in the small intestine.

The GI Tract Path

Mouth → Pharynx → Esophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine → Large Intestine → Rectum → Anus.

Accessory Organs and Their Roles

• Salivary glands: Produce saliva.
• Liver: Produces bile.
• Gallbladder: Stores and concentrates bile.
• Pancreas: Produces digestive enzymes and bicarbonate.

Digestive Juices and Functions

• Saliva: Moistens food and initiates carbohydrate

... Continue reading "Human Digestive System Functions and Anatomy" »

... Continue reading "Blood Glucose Homeostasis and Diabetes Mechanisms" »

1. Introduction to Fermentation Technology

Fermentation technology uses microbial cells (or their enzymes) to convert raw materials into valuable commercial products. While originally associated with anaerobic processes (like the production of alcohol), industrially it includes any process utilizing microorganisms to yield a desired product under controlled aerobic or anaerobic conditions.

History and Development

The evolution of fermentation technology is generally divided into three major eras:

• Ancient/Empirical Era (Pre-1850s): For thousands of years, humans used fermentation instinctively to make bread, wine, beer, and cheese without understanding the science behind it.
• The Pasteur Era (1850–1900): Louis Pasteur proved that fermentation is

... Continue reading "Industrial Fermentation Technology: Principles and Systems" »

Understanding Coronaviruses

A coronavirus is not just one single bug; it is actually a large family of viruses. They get their name because under a microscope, they look like they are wearing a spiked crown—"corona" means crown in Latin. While many coronaviruses only cause mild illnesses like the common cold, a few rare types can jump from animals to humans and cause severe respiratory infections.

Key Types of Coronaviruses

Most of the time, humans contract mild "community" coronaviruses that cause basic cold symptoms. However, three major outbreaks have occurred due to more dangerous strains:

• SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): First identified in late 2019, this is the highly contagious virus responsible for the global COVID-19 pandemic.
• SARS-CoV (SARS):

... Continue reading "Understanding Viruses, Reproductive Health, and Nutrition" »

The Ovarian and Menstrual Cycles

The ovarian and menstrual cycles are monthly processes controlled by hormones that prepare the female body for a possible pregnancy, typically lasting about 28 days.

The Ovarian Cycle

• Follicular Phase (Days 1–13): Follicles develop in the ovary; one becomes dominant and produces estrogen.
• Ovulation (Day 14): The mature egg is released.
• Luteal Phase (Days 15–28): The empty follicle becomes the corpus luteum, producing progesterone to prepare the uterus for pregnancy.

The Menstrual Cycle

• Menstruation (Days 1–5): The uterine lining is shed.
• Proliferative Phase (Days 6–14): Estrogen causes the endometrium to thicken.
• Secretory Phase (Days 15–28): Progesterone maintains the lining.

If fertilization does not occur,... Continue reading "Understanding the Ovarian, Menstrual, and Endocrine Systems" »

Introduction to Kiwi Bird Weight Research

Purpose: This investigation could be useful in scientific research regarding the weight distribution of kiwi birds while considering their genders. For example, the Department of Conservation (DOC) might be interested in finding alternative ways to distinguish female from male kiwi birds. By identifying patterns in weight relative to gender, it may become easier to identify individuals during scientific studies.

Investigation Question

I wonder if the median weight (kg) for female kiwi birds is higher than the median weight (kg) of male kiwi birds from the population of 700 kiwi birds observed in New Zealand in 2020.

Hypothesis and Biological Context

According to the Whakatane Kiwi Trust, "the female is 20... Continue reading "Sexual Dimorphism and Weight Analysis of Kiwi Birds" »