Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Training and Employment Advise

Causative Verbs: Have and Get + Object + V3

Affirmative Structures

This section details the use of have and get followed by an object and the past participle (V3) across various tenses to express actions done for someone by another person.

1. Verb Tenses

will have taken // had never seen // has been typing // will stay // is flying // was feeding // floats // will be waiting // met

2. Indefinite Pronouns

something // nobody // everyone // anything // anywhere

3. Pronouns and Possessives

his // him // mine // me // her // us // our // themselves // its // mine

4. Gerunds and Infinitives

shouting // to feed // smoking // to study // playing // getting up // working // to go

5. Conditional Sentences

• If I had had your phone, I would have called you.
• If you study hard, you will get good marks.
• If I hadn't advised you, you would have bought that house.
• If she hadn't driven too fast, she wouldn't have had an accident.

6. Passive Voice

A lot of money has been given to him // He has been given a lot... Continue reading "English Grammar Exercises and Key Concepts" »

Vocabulary

Prefixes

• re/over/under: overeat, reshape, overspend, overproduce, undercook, redesign, resend
• anti/inter/multi/over/pro: inter/over/proactive, multicolored, prodemocracy, overeat, multiethnic, intergalactic, antiglobalization, multi/international, overproduce, multipurpose, antisocial, overspend, multistorey, anti/protechnology
• Negative prefixes: disobedient, disorganized, illegal, illiterate, immoral, impatient, inadequate, incredible, irrelevant, irresponsible, unbelievable, unhelpful, unsafe.

Other

• Inspired: inspirado
• Innovative: innovado
• Replaced: reemplazado
• Discover: descubierto
• Developed: desenvolvido
• Invented: inventado
• Observed: observado
• Researched: buscado
• Created: creado
• Designed: diseñado
• Adapted: adaptado
• Genre of films: adventure,

Essential Money Vocabulary

Income (Ingresos)

Money that you receive, usually from working.

Allowance (Prestación / Paga)

An amount of money you receive regularly to buy the things you need.

Savings (Ahorros)

Money that you have reserved so that you can use it later.

Live on (Vivir con lo suficiente)

To have a particular amount of money to buy the things that you need to live.

Repay the debt (Pagar la deuda)

To give someone money that you have borrowed from them.

Debit card (Tarjeta de débito)

A plastic card given by a bank that you use for paying for things (linked directly to your bank balance).

Donate (Donar / Donativo)

To give money or goods to an organization, especially a charity.

Small change (Monedas pequeñas de cambio)

Coins of low value.

Beg (Rogar

Essential English Vocabulary

Transport Terminology

• capable of - capaz de
• come up with - proponer
• get around - moverse
• high speed - alta velocidad
• hop on - subirse a
• load - carga
• long-distance - de larga distancia
• network - red
• reach - alcanzar
• risky - arriesgado
• run on - funcionar con
• set up - construir
• ship - enviar
• standard of living - nivel de vida
• steam - de vapor
• time-consuming - que requiere mucho tiempo
• track - vía

Nature & Outdoors Vocabulary

• berry - baya
• branch - rama
• cave - cueva
• crop - cosecha
• dawn - amanecer
• dig - cavar
• get away from it all - escapar de todo
• head for - ir a
• nut - fruto seco
• pick - coger
• root - raíz
• seed - semilla
• soil - tierra
• sunrise - salida del sol
• sunset - puesta de sol
• tide - marea
• trunk - tronco
• wave - ola
• woods - bosque

Environmental Terms

Refining Formal Correspondence Templates

Formal Letter Structure Enhancement

Dear [Sir/Madam / Club Secretary / Title + Last Name],

I am writing in response to your recent email regarding [the event / issue / change].

Initial Acknowledgment and Concern

Firstly, thank you for keeping us informed. While I understand that [brief reason or circumstance], I was quite [disappointed / surprised / concerned] to hear that [brief description of the issue].

Proposing Solutions

Secondly, I would like to suggest that [alternative idea 1], as it might be a good solution. Additionally, [alternative idea 2] could help make the situation better for everyone involved.

Call to Action

Finally, I kindly request that you [mention any action: consider rescheduling / offer... Continue reading "Formal Correspondence: Improving Communication Templates" »

Mastering English Grammar and Workplace Vocabulary

This document provides a concise collection of examples and exercises focusing on essential English grammar concepts, including relative clauses and pronouns, alongside practical workplace vocabulary. Enhance your understanding of formal and informal language usage and expand your professional lexicon.

Essential Workplace Vocabulary

• The deadline is tomorrow, not a day later.
• The perks include a company car.
• He first started working here as a clerk.
• That’s nonsense. It’s just not true.
• She’s been promoted to a new position.
• I’m not a slave. I don’t work for free.
• This week I’m working the early shift.
• I need help. This task requires teamwork.

Common Relative Pronouns and Prepositions

Here is... Continue reading "Mastering English Grammar: Clauses, Pronouns & Workplace Terms" »

Fruits and Vegetables

Fruits: Grape, strawberry, pineapple, apple, banana, melon, orange, pear, avocado.

Vegetables: Pea, carrot, onion, pepper, tomato, cucumber, potato.

Singular and Plural Forms

Use a before consonants and an before vowels.

• a: Cucumber, pineapple, grape, pea, potato, banana, melon, pear, strawberry, carrot, pepper, tomato.
• an: Apple, orange, avocado, onion.

Plural Nouns

• Pepper → Peppers
• Strawberry → Strawberries
• Tomato → Tomatoes
• Onion → Onions
• Carrot → Carrots
• Pineapple → Pineapples
• Avocado → Avocados
• Grape → Grapes
• Melon → Melons
• Pea → Peas
• Pear → Pears
• Apple → Apples
• Banana → Bananas
• Orange → Oranges
• Potato → Potatoes
• Cucumber → Cucumbers

Calendar and Dates

Months of the Year

There are 12 months in a year.

• Which month

Modal Verbs of Probability

These structures are used after an infinitive verb to express certainty.

• Must (90%): Used for strong probability.
  Example: He must be at home now. (Debe estar en casa ahora.)
• Might / May / Could (70%): Used for possibility.
  Example: She might be late. (Puede que llegue tarde.)
• Can’t (Impossible): Used when something is impossible.
  Example: He can’t be the thief! (¡No puede ser el ladrón!)

Speculation in the Past

These structures are used after the auxiliary 'have' to talk about past events.

Might, May, and Could

Use Might / May / Could + have + past participle to talk about something possible or to form hypotheses.

• Example: Slaves must have built the pyramids.
• Negative (Something possible that didn’t happen): Use May

Verbs Followed by Gerunds

• ADMIT
• ADVISE
• AVOID
• BEGIN
• CAN'T HELP
• CAN'T STAND
• CAN'T IMAGINE
• COMPLETE
• CONSIDER
• CONTINUE
• DELAY
• DETEST
• DISCUSS
• DISLIKE
• DON'T MIND
• ENJOY
• FINISH
• FORGET
• GIVE UP
• GO ON
• HATE
• IMAGINE
• INVOLVE
• KEEP
• LIKE
• LOVE
• MENTION
• MIND
• MISS
• POSTPONE
• PRACTICE
• PREFER
• RECALL
• RECOMMEND
• REGRET
• REMEMBER
• REPORT
• RESIST
• RISK
• START
• STOP
• SUGGEST
• TRY
• UNDERSTAND

Verbs Followed by Infinitives

• AFFORD
• AGREE
• APPEAR
• ARRANGE
• ASK
• ATTEMPT
• BEG
• BEGIN
• CHOOSE
• CONSENT
• CONTINUE
• DARE
• DECIDE
• DEMAND
• EXPECT
• FORGET
• GET READY
• GO ON
• HATE
• HOPE
• INTEND
• LEARN
• LIKE
• LOVE
• MANAGE
• NEED
• NECESSITATE
• OFFER
• PREPARE
• PRETEND
• PROMISE
• REFUSE
• REMEMBER
• SEEM
• START
• STOP
• THREATEN
• TRY
• WAIT
• WANT
• WISH

Verbs Accepting Both Gerunds and Infinitives

• LIKE
• LOVE
• START
• HATE
• BEGIN
• CONTINUE

Verbs que Canvien de Significat: Gerund vs. Infinitiu

• FORGET
  • -ING: Oblidar una acció passada (no recordar haver-