Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Geology

Brief Definition

Global warming refers to the gradual increase of the earth's average surface temperature, due to excessive greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

Possible Solutions

While this may seem like a small change, we can avoid the consequences by being aware of the problem generated by the gases or other chemicals that we use every day in our lives. This could reduce GHG emissions.

Main Factors

• The build up of the gases in the atmosphere.
• Burning of fossil fuels like coal and oil.

My Opinion

I think we need to have control of what we do or use. We must have a lot of information on the subject and contribute with our small but essential grain of sand.

Volcanic Eruptions

Molten rock and gases are ejected through the Earth's crust.

Continental Drift

A slow horizontal movement of the continents.

Earthquakes

A violent trembling of the Earth's crust which lasts a short time and varies in intensity.

Isostasy

Slow vertical movement of the Earth's crust.

Our atmosphere was formed about 4,000 million years ago.

The Magnetic Field

Around the Earth originates in the outer core.

Hot Rocks

Allow the installation of geothermal plants that take advantage of the heat to vaporize water and produce electricity.

Hydrothermal Phenomena

Occur when water seeps into the crust through cracks, it gets into contact with rocks at high temperatures.

The Earth's crust is a rigid and cold layer. Magma is a mixture of gases and molten... Continue reading "Earth's Geology and Natural Phenomena" »

Just 2.5% of water on Earth is fresh water. About 69% of that fresh water is frozen. This means that less than 1% of water on Earth is drinkable.

1. The Atmosphere

1. The atmosphere

Earth's gaseous atmosphere is mostly nitrogen & oxygen. It also contains argon, carbon dioxide, ozone & water vapor.

Earth's atmosphere has an upper limit of 10,000 kilometers.

Most of the gases are found in the lowest 15 kilometers.

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

The gases in the atmosphere push down on Earth's surface.

The weight of all these gases is called atmospheric pressure.

We measure atmospheric pressure in standard units called pascals. 1 standard atmosphere = 101.325 pascals.

There is more pressure at lower altitudes, near Earth's surface. There is less pressure at... Continue reading "Earth's Fluid Spheres: Atmosphere and Hydrosphere" »

Climate and Factors Affecting it

• Altitude is the height of a place relative to sea level.
• Temperature falls 0.6ºC for every 100 m of altitude.
• Relief can also cause

What is an Environmentally Sustainable Society?

One that meets the current and future basic resource needs of its people in

a just and equitable manner without compromising the ability of the future

generations to meet their basic resource needs

Environmental Scientists

John Muir (1892) - created Yosemite National Parks

Created Sierra club

Eugene and Howard (1953) - wrote the first ecology textbook

Rachel Carson (1962) - wrote Silent Spring

Effects of DDT

Lois Gibbs (1980) - formed the Citizens Clearinghouse for hazardous

 waste, petition to Jimmy Carter

The town was called Love Canal

Theodore Roosevelt (1900) - created the United States Forest Service

 for Wildlife

Established 5 national parks

Antiquities Act

James Lovelock (1960s) - created the Gaia

The Devastating Impact of Plastic Pollution

Ubiquitous Waste: A Global Problem

Plastic waste has become ubiquitous, contaminating every corner of our planet, including our oceans. Its persistence and improper disposal lead to its widespread distribution, harming ecosystems and wildlife.

Biodegradable vs. Non-Biodegradable: A Misconception

While plastic may break down into smaller pieces, it does not biodegrade. These fragments can be ingested by animals, entering the food chain and causing contamination and health issues.

The Lasting Legacy of Plastic: A Threat to Humanity

Most plastics are virtually indestructible, outlasting even the harshest conditions. This poses a significant threat to our planet and future generations, as it will continue to... Continue reading "The Devastating Impact of Plastic Pollution: A Call to Action" »

The Electric Scooter Accumulates 3,000 Fines in Barcelona in 2018

The City Council and the Urban Guard warn that these vehicles are not toys, so their drivers must respect the regulations.

The increase in sanctions to electric scooter drivers, about 3,000 in 2018, has led the Barcelona City Council to redouble the information about the traffic regulations of these vehicles, which has been in force since 2017, informed this Friday Ricardo Salas, mayor of the Urban Guard. Manuel Valdés, Manager of Mobility and Infrastructure of the consistory, stressed that these vehicles are not toys and emphasized that it is important to remember the regulations to all those who have thought of buying or giving them away.

Electric scooters are prohibited from

Earth's Crust

Hard outer surface of the earth

Rust

A reddish-brown material that...

Wedges

Objects with a triangular...

Temper

An additive that increases the...

Crush

Press or break into small...

Flux

An additive that reduces the melting...

Breakwaters

Walls built from the...

Metamorphic

Rock transformed by...

Igneous

Rock formed from magma...

Exothermic

Producing heat

Stone Blocks

Quarrying, processing: cutting, shaping, polishing. Aggregates: cleaning, crushing, sorting. Aggregates that come from rivers are called river rock. Crushed rock has irregular edges that provide more friction. Natural stone: limestone, marble, granite, slate, tuff. Stone binders: in construction plaster lime and cement are used as binders to hold other materials together. Plaster, lime,... Continue reading "Types of Rocks, Stone, and Ceramics for Construction" »

TERZA PARTE

1. Fed-batch biological reactor: material balances with Monod kinetics and operating methods:

• it maintains some operational characteristics of the batch, while ensuring constant biomass production such as a CSTR
• Therefore, there is an inlet supply with V˙e and [substrate] Cse and negligible Cxe
• since it is not a continuous reactor, it will never reach the steady state condition, there will always be an accumulation
• at zero time there will be: a certain initial V_R with an initial [substrate], initial [biomass] and subsequently the volume will increase over time.
• Total biomass balance:
• dmtot / dt = me, with me = ρe V ,e,
• from this relationship we obtain that
  1. dVr / dt = V˙e.
• At this point two feeding strategies can be considered,
  1. 1. one with

Troposphere

The troposphere is the layer that contains 20% of all the gases of the atmosphere. Meteorological phenomena, such as clouds and precipitation, take place in the troposphere.

Stratosphere

The stratosphere is the layer that contains the ozone layer. This absorbs much of the Sun's radiation, so temperatures rise in the stratosphere.

Mesosphere

The mesosphere has very low temperatures, reaching -140°C.

Thermosphere

The thermosphere is also known as the ionosphere. Temperatures in this layer are very high.

Exosphere

The exosphere is the outer layer of the atmosphere. Artificial satellites orbit the Earth in the exosphere.