Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Training and Employment Advise

Refining Formal Correspondence Templates

Formal Letter Structure Enhancement

Dear [Sir/Madam / Club Secretary / Title + Last Name],

I am writing in response to your recent email regarding [the event / issue / change].

Initial Acknowledgment and Concern

Firstly, thank you for keeping us informed. While I understand that [brief reason or circumstance], I was quite [disappointed / surprised / concerned] to hear that [brief description of the issue].

Proposing Solutions

Secondly, I would like to suggest that [alternative idea 1], as it might be a good solution. Additionally, [alternative idea 2] could help make the situation better for everyone involved.

Call to Action

Finally, I kindly request that you [mention any action: consider rescheduling / offer... Continue reading "Formal Correspondence: Improving Communication Templates" »

Mastering English Grammar and Workplace Vocabulary

This document provides a concise collection of examples and exercises focusing on essential English grammar concepts, including relative clauses and pronouns, alongside practical workplace vocabulary. Enhance your understanding of formal and informal language usage and expand your professional lexicon.

Essential Workplace Vocabulary

• The deadline is tomorrow, not a day later.
• The perks include a company car.
• He first started working here as a clerk.
• That’s nonsense. It’s just not true.
• She’s been promoted to a new position.
• I’m not a slave. I don’t work for free.
• This week I’m working the early shift.
• I need help. This task requires teamwork.

Common Relative Pronouns and Prepositions

Here is... Continue reading "Mastering English Grammar: Clauses, Pronouns & Workplace Terms" »

Fruits and Vegetables

Fruits: Grape, strawberry, pineapple, apple, banana, melon, orange, pear, avocado.

Vegetables: Pea, carrot, onion, pepper, tomato, cucumber, potato.

Singular and Plural Forms

Use a before consonants and an before vowels.

• a: Cucumber, pineapple, grape, pea, potato, banana, melon, pear, strawberry, carrot, pepper, tomato.
• an: Apple, orange, avocado, onion.

Plural Nouns

• Pepper → Peppers
• Strawberry → Strawberries
• Tomato → Tomatoes
• Onion → Onions
• Carrot → Carrots
• Pineapple → Pineapples
• Avocado → Avocados
• Grape → Grapes
• Melon → Melons
• Pea → Peas
• Pear → Pears
• Apple → Apples
• Banana → Bananas
• Orange → Oranges
• Potato → Potatoes
• Cucumber → Cucumbers

Calendar and Dates

Months of the Year

There are 12 months in a year.

• Which month

Modal Verbs of Probability

These structures are used after an infinitive verb to express certainty.

• Must (90%): Used for strong probability.
  Example: He must be at home now. (Debe estar en casa ahora.)
• Might / May / Could (70%): Used for possibility.
  Example: She might be late. (Puede que llegue tarde.)
• Can’t (Impossible): Used when something is impossible.
  Example: He can’t be the thief! (¡No puede ser el ladrón!)

Speculation in the Past

These structures are used after the auxiliary 'have' to talk about past events.

Might, May, and Could

Use Might / May / Could + have + past participle to talk about something possible or to form hypotheses.

• Example: Slaves must have built the pyramids.
• Negative (Something possible that didn’t happen): Use May

Verbs Followed by Gerunds

• ADMIT
• ADVISE
• AVOID
• BEGIN
• CAN'T HELP
• CAN'T STAND
• CAN'T IMAGINE
• COMPLETE
• CONSIDER
• CONTINUE
• DELAY
• DETEST
• DISCUSS
• DISLIKE
• DON'T MIND
• ENJOY
• FINISH
• FORGET
• GIVE UP
• GO ON
• HATE
• IMAGINE
• INVOLVE
• KEEP
• LIKE
• LOVE
• MENTION
• MIND
• MISS
• POSTPONE
• PRACTICE
• PREFER
• RECALL
• RECOMMEND
• REGRET
• REMEMBER
• REPORT
• RESIST
• RISK
• START
• STOP
• SUGGEST
• TRY
• UNDERSTAND

Verbs Followed by Infinitives

• AFFORD
• AGREE
• APPEAR
• ARRANGE
• ASK
• ATTEMPT
• BEG
• BEGIN
• CHOOSE
• CONSENT
• CONTINUE
• DARE
• DECIDE
• DEMAND
• EXPECT
• FORGET
• GET READY
• GO ON
• HATE
• HOPE
• INTEND
• LEARN
• LIKE
• LOVE
• MANAGE
• NEED
• NECESSITATE
• OFFER
• PREPARE
• PRETEND
• PROMISE
• REFUSE
• REMEMBER
• SEEM
• START
• STOP
• THREATEN
• TRY
• WAIT
• WANT
• WISH

Verbs Accepting Both Gerunds and Infinitives

• LIKE
• LOVE
• START
• HATE
• BEGIN
• CONTINUE

Verbs que Canvien de Significat: Gerund vs. Infinitiu

• FORGET
  • -ING: Oblidar una acció passada (no recordar haver-

English Verb Tenses

Present Tenses

• Present Simple: Subject + verb + complement (add -s/-es for third person singular). Negative: don't/doesn't + verb.
• Present Continuous: Subject + to be (am/is/are) + verb-ing + complement.
• Present Perfect: Subject + have/has + past participle (verb-ed or 3rd column).
• Present Perfect Continuous: Subject + have/has + been + verb-ing.

Past Tenses

• Past Simple: Subject + verb-ed (or 2nd column). Negative: didn't + verb (infinitive).
• Past Continuous: Subject + was/were + verb-ing.
• Past Perfect: Subject + had + past participle (verb-ed or 3rd column).
• Be going to: Subject + to be (am/is/are) + going to + verb + complement.

Future Tenses

• Will/Won't: will/won't + infinitive.

Comparatives and Superlatives

• Comparatives: -er/-ier

1a Acronym

Acronyms are abbreviations formed from the initial letters of other words and pronounced as a word.

1b Stereotypes

Stereotypes are widely held but fixed and oversimplified ideas or images of a particular type of person or thing.

1c Teambuilding

Teambuilding refers to activities designed to enhance social relations and define roles within a team.

1d Nonverbal Communication

Nonverbal communication includes gestures, facial expressions, body language, and other forms of communication without the use of words.

1e Attention, Interest, Desire, Action

The Attention, Interest, Desire, Action (AIDA) model is a marketing communication model that outlines the steps a consumer goes through when making a purchasing decision.

2a When a Company Offers a

Dear Sir, 12th July 2021

I am writing this letter in reference to a possible stay in Mykonos. I would like to spend one or two weeks in July at a bed and breakfast hotel near a beach. I would also like to visit typical villages and little islands. Also, I would like to visit wild beaches as well as local Greece restaurants. Please let me know about economical fly options and accommodation possibilities. Thank you very much for your kind information.

I am looking forward to hearing from you.

Your Sincerely./ Yours faithfully

Estela Fermamdez valdueza

1. Middlemen is a general term for agents, brokers, dealers, merchants.

2. Wholesaler an intermediary who stocks goods from various suppliers.

3. Franchise a person who buys (and takes possession of) goods... Continue reading "Request for Information on Mykonos Stay and Travel" »

Adjectives + Prepositions

Afraid of (miedo de), annoyed with (molesto con), different from (diferente de), famous for, good at, surprised at (sorprendido por), sick of (cansado de), interested in, involved in (involucrado en), keen on (continuar en), proud of, sad about (triste por), serious about, wrong with (mal con)

Verbs

• Say: Something, sorry, hello, yes
• Speak: Well, to someone, in public, slowly, loudly, clearly
• Tell: A joke, a lie, a story, something, a secret, what to do, the truth

Phrasal Verbs

Dress up (vestirse), splash out on (derrochar en), take back (devolver), try on (probarse), go on (continuar), shut up, call off (cancelar), catch up with (ponerse al día con), throw up, fall over (caer), grow up (crecer), make up (compensar, hacer... Continue reading "English Grammar and Vocabulary Guide" »

Business Vocabulary: Company Departments

• Logistics: Logística
• Technical Support: Soporte técnico
• Quality Control: Control de calidad
• Training: Curso de formación
• Finance: Finanzas
• Human Resources: Recursos humanos
• Marketing: Marketing
• IT: Tecnologías de la información
• Purchasing: Ventas
• Research and Development: Investigación y desarrollo

Grammar: Countable and Uncountable Questions

How much is used for uncountable nouns, such as rain or sound. How many is used for countable nouns.

Wh-Question Words

• Where: Dónde
• When: Cuándo
• What: Qué o cuáles
• Which: Qué o cuáles (used for limited groups, e.g., "Which do you prefer: language or math?")

Exercises

Exercise 1: Identifying Departments

• Who sells the products? Sales
• Who looks for new markets for new or existing