Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of History

National Personifications

Britannia - a national personification of the United Kingdom. The name 'Britannia' symbolizes Britain and British patriotism.

Caledonia

Latin name given by the Romans to the land north of their province of Britannia, roughly corresponding to modern-day Scotland.

Cambria

Name for Wales, being the Latinized form of the Welsh name for the country, Cymru.

Hibernia

Classical Latin name for the island of Ireland.

Eire

Irish for 'Ireland', the name of an island and a sovereign state.

Erin

Hiberno-English derivative of the Irish word 'Éirinn'.

The Emerald Isle

Poetic name for Ireland due to its green countryside.

the Union Jack

National flag of the United Kingdom.

John Bull

National personification of the United Kingdom.

Historical Events

Wars

The Constitutional Monarchy. The National Constituent Assembly: abolished feudalism And approved the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen,individual Freedoms and equality of all citizens in law and taxation (August 1789). Drew Up a constitution (1791) based on the separation of powers, national Sovereignty and legal equality, though the king reserved the right of veto. Census suffrage was also introduced. Once the constitution was approved, a Legislative Assembly. A new army, the National Guard, was also created to Defend the Revolution. The Austrian army invaded France and Louis XVI fled Paris (Flight to Varennes, June 1791), but he was arrested, and the Austrian Army France and reached Paris (September 1792).The Girondin Convention:

2.JAR (a):

1. In this poster I can see two women with a child looking from the window to their husbands that are going to the war.

2. The colors are darks, because the situation in very hard and sad.

3. Because is the important part in the message.

4. It means that men have to got war to fight for their country without a doubt.

5. The mother’s and the children. They are sad, because his father is going to war, but proud of him.

6. In the beginning of the war.

2.JAR (b):

1. Because in that period what women said was important in the family. I think that this is unfair, because they were using women.

2. They would be cowards (galdetu, cobarde). And a shame for their families.

3. To convince men to become soldiers to work in the name of England.

3.JAR:

1. Sometimes women were soldiers

War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714)

The War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714) was fought among several European powers, principally the Holy Roman Empire, Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, Portugal, and the Duchy of Savoy, against the Kingdoms of France and Spain and the Electorate of Bavaria, over a possible unification of the Kingdoms of Spain and France under a single Bourbon monarch. Such an unification would have drastically changed the European balance of power.

Recognition of Bourbon Philip V as King of Spain

It resulted in the recognition of the Bourbon Philip V as King of Spain while requiring him both to renounce any claim to the French throne and to cede much of the European Spanish Crown's possessions.

Background

In 1700,... Continue reading "War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714): Causes, Consequences, and Impact" »

1. The Left Republicans and Socialist Government: Reforms October 1931 – November 1933 Azaña was named head of the government by socialists and Republicans and then started a series of reforms. The most important concerned the modernization of the army and the redistribution of land ownership in order to solve the unemployment problem originated by the latifundios. Public disorder was constant during this period and violence showed in episodes like the ones in Casa Viejas where an uprising against landowners turned into a massacre and Castiblanco where a series of protest marches turned into the lynching of a group of Civil Guards. On August 1932, General Sanjurjo failed a military coup in Seville trying to seize power.
2. Radicals and CEDA Government:

Why do revolutions happen?

The reforms of the Enlightenment did not solve the problems of the old regime. That is why this system came to an end through revolution. But other aspects of life were also influential in the desire to change and break away from the old system and social inequality between privileged classes and non-privileged classes.

The New State

After the war, the United States had a liberal system and was regulated by the U.S. Constitution. It was organized as a federal republic, establishing national sovereignty and separation of powers among the President, Congress, and the Supreme Court.

Tea Act

The Tea Act gave the British East India Company a monopoly on the sale of tea in the colonies, as well as the right to duty-free exports.... Continue reading "Causes of Revolutions and the Transition to Liberalism" »

1)The key factors in the campaign to abolish the transatlantic trade in slaves, and finally the institution of slavery, were economic, humanistic and moral religions. There were three important figures for the abolition of slave trafficking. In the first place was James Ramsay, who thought that slavery had to be abolished for an economic issue. He thought that more money would be made exchanging goods than exchanging slaves. In second place was Olaudah Equiano, who thought that it was necessary to abolish slavery for a humanistic issue, and because that issue was not something ethical. Finally, William Wilberforce thought that the slave trade had to be abolished by moral religion ("Evil that no christian should tolerate"). He made several reforms

Germanic invasions: 'Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum'

Official account of the Germanic invasions (449). Angles in Britain first drove the enemy, after they made a league with them and went against their allies. The Heptarchy: 7 Anglo-Saxon 'kingdoms' - Northumbria, Mercia, Wessex, East Anglia, Essex, Kent, Sussex. England as a politically unified nation in the 10th century.

Dialects of Old English:

River Humber, River Thames, South, South/South-West.

The Germanic occupation of Britain was cruel, and most Britons died. The culture of Britons was not assimilated by Germanic tribes. Atheling (royal family), Earl (major nobility), Thegn (Minor nobility), Freemen, and Serf. Conversion of Germanic invaders to Christianity: Christianity was brought... Continue reading "Germanic Invasions and Cultural Assimilation in Britain" »