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Acids, Bases, and Redox Reactions: Exploring Chemical Reactions and Processes

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ACID OR BASES: Substances that react with each other according to the following reaction

Acids are substances that have a sour taste and react with limestones such as marble, vinegar, coffee, and tomato...

Bases are substances that have a bitter taste and soapy feel and do not usually attack metals, such as eggs, sodium, and toothpaste...

Redox reactions are those reactions which involve an exchange of electrons between elements. Examples include combustion (one substance oxidizes with the oxygen in the air), METAL CORROSION (iron oxidation, silver tarnishing, and aluminum losing its shine), BATTERIES (obtaining electricity from a reaction), PRECIPITATION (a reaction that produces an insoluble product, like stones in kidneys), FERMENTATION AND

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Coh3 chemical name

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Nomenclature

Nomenclature: Binary ionic compounds involves combining the names of the compound’s positive and negative ions. The name of the cation is given first, followed by the name of the anion.
Binary compounds: Compounds composed of two elements.

Systems

Stock: uses a Roman numeral to indicate an Ion's charge.

Systematic: naming molecular compounds based on the use of prefixes.

Traditional: the latin names of chemical elements.

Types of Inorganics

Binary Ions: monatomic+monatomic

Ternary Ions: monatomic + polyatomic

Binary Acids: H + monatomic ( Hydro- & -ic acid )

Ternary Oxyacid: H +polyatomic ( -ate, -ide → -ic acid) ( -ite → -ous acid)

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Chemical Compounds and Formulas

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Metal oxides

~name of metal ~oxidation num ~oxide
Tantalum oxide (Ta2O5)
Non metal oxides
~greek prefix ~nonmetal name ~oxide with greek prefix
Dinitrogen Trioxide (N2O3)
Metal non metal
~metal ~oxidation num ~ide
Vanadium(V) Sulfide (V2S5)


Non metal non metal
~greek prefix ~ide
Trisilicon Tetranide (Si3N4)


Metal hydrides
~hydrogen right ~metal ~hydride
Sodium Hydride (NaH)


Hydracids
~hydrogen left ~metal ~ide
Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)
Hydrochloric acid (HCl(aq))


Hydroxides
~metal ~oxidation num ~hydroxide
Iron (III) hydroxide (Fe(OH)3)


6.022x10*23
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Chemical Elements and Their Oxidation States

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Fluorine (F): -1

Chlorine (Cl), Bromine (Br), Iodine (I): 1, 3, 5, 7

Sulfur (S), Selenium (Se), Tellurium (Te): 2, 4, 6

Nitrogen: 3, 5

Phosphorus (P), Arsenic (As), Antimony (Sb), Bismuth (Bi): 3, 5

Carbon (C), Silicon (Si): 2, 4

Boron (B): 3

LIthium (Li), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs), Francium (Fr), Silver (Ag): 1

Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), Radmium (Ra), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd): 2

Mercury (Hg), Copper (Cu): 1, 2

Tin (Sn), Lead (Pb), Platinum (Pt), Iridium (Ir), Titanium (Ti): 2, 4

Iron (Fe), Cobalt (Co), Nickel (Ni): 2, 3

Gold (Au): 1, 3

Manganese (Mn): 2, 3, (4, 6, 7)

Aluminium (Al): 3

Chromium (Cr): 2, 3, (6)

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Induced drag is ()

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Substance

Reasons For properties

Carbon (diamond)

The high melting point, extreme hardness and High density are due to its giant molecular structure.

Propanone

The relatively low melting point, boiling point, Hardness and density are due to its simple molecular structure.

Iodine

The relatively low melting point, boiling point, Hardness and density are due to its simple molecular structure. The melting Point indicates that it is a solid at room temperature due to its high Molecular mass and increased induced dipole-induced dipole bonds.

Iron

Its high melting point, boiling point, density And hardness are due to its giant lattice structure. Its electrical Conductivity is due to the delocalised electrons.

Water

The relatively low melting point, boiling

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Concept of education

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  1. What is the eye level?The distance between the ground and eye of the observant
2. What is optical mixing? When the colors are mix in the retina of the eye. Ex; Tv, video games
3. What is color or tonal value saturation? When you add black or white to the hue. Is the light or dark of a color independent of its chromaticity
4. What is camera obscura?Is an early cámara 
5. What is subject matter of a work? Is what you draw. Ex; landscapes
6. What is negative space? Is the area around and between a subject
7. What are the spatial qualities of color? Cool colors go background, hot go forward 
8. What is the umbra of the shadow? Dark part of a shadow 
9. What is the penumbra of the shadow? The penumbra is the lighter outer part of a shadow.
10. What
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Coh3 structure

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- Without H20 being polar, there would be no life on Earth, and Earth will be very dry. Humans and living organisims depend on H20 and it's polarity to sustain life on Earth because h20 wouldnt be able to form hydrogen bonds because it isnt polar. Animals who depend on ice such as polar bears and seals wold not be able to live due to ice not floating on the surface of water. When ice lacks crystal lattice structure, it starts to drown, and this happens due to the lack of hydrogen bonding. Therefore, h20 is very important for life to exist on earth.

- h-h: nonpolar covalent bond

- p-cl: covalent

- na-br: ionic

Electronegativity: 0->0.4 = covalent, 0.5->1.7=polar covalent, more than 1.7= ionic bonds, minus the EN

- Ion-induced dipole force:

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Distillation Process: Separating Liquids by Heating

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DISTILATION PROCESS: ELEMENTS

  • Thermometer: measure the temperature of the vapor
  • The stopper: hold the thermometer
  • The Bunsen Burner: heat the liquid
  • The tube at the top of the condenser: conduct the cool water away
  • The cool water: cool the vaporized alcohol
  • The tube at the bottom of the condenser: conduct cool water in
  • The receiving flask: collect the condensed alcohol
  • The stand (soporte): maintain an upright or vertical position
  • The clamps (pinzas): support the wire
  • The wire gauze (rejilla de alambre): spread the flame out
  • The ring clamps (pinzas de anilla): grip the flask and the condenser

ORDER

  1. Distillation is used...
  2. To separate a mixture of liquids...
  3. Distillation is a widely used method...
  4. The gas is then condensed...
  5. Although the term is mostly common.
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Different btn wind in high pressure zone and low pressure zone

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Chem Cheat Sheet

Mol = M*L

m = mol/Kg

Strong Acids

HCL hydrochloric

H2SO4 sulfuric

HNO3 nitric

HBR hydrobromic

HI hydroiodic

HCLO4 perchloric

Cp H2O (l) = 4.184

Cp H2O (s) = 2.03

Cp H2O (g) = 1.998

ΔHfusion of H20 = 6.02

ΔHvap of H20 = 40.7

1.An amorphous solid still has all the properties of a solid except for its ___________ _______________:disorganized arrangement

2.At STP, 1 mol =:22.4L

3.At STP, P=:1atm

4.At STP, T=:273K

5.avogadro's number:6.0221409x10^2

6.Boyle's Law:PV=PV (inversely proportional - as P↑, V↓)

7.Charles' Law:V/T = V/T (directly proportional - as P↑, V↑)

8.Combined Gas Law:PV/T = PV/T (T must be K, everything else whatever)

9.Dalton's Law of Partial Pressure:Pressure(total) = Pressure(a) + Pressure(b)

10.Equation for solving phase changes

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Understanding Atoms and Quantum Mechanics: A Comprehensive Guide

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What is an atom?

Atoms are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements.

What is an electron?

A subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity.

What is the nucleus of an atom made of?

Is made up of protons and neutrons.

What is a proton?

Elemental particle of the nucleus of the atom and that has a positive electric charge.

What is a neutron?

A subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge.

Where is the mass of an atom concentrated?

In the nucleus most of 99.9% of the mass is concentrated here.

An atom is mostly empty space?

Yes.

What is the function of neutrons?

To allow protons to be together.

What surrounds the nucleus of an atom?

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