Understanding Atoms and Quantum Mechanics: A Comprehensive Guide

What is an atom?

Atoms are the basic units of matter and the defining structure of elements.

What is an electron?

A subatomic particle with a charge of negative electricity.

What is the nucleus of an atom made of?

Is made up of protons and neutrons.

What is a proton?

Elemental particle of the nucleus of the atom and that has a positive electric charge.

What is a neutron?

A subatomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric charge.

Where is the mass of an atom concentrated?

In the nucleus most of 99.9% of the mass is concentrated here.

An atom is mostly empty space?

Yes.

What is the function of neutrons?

To allow protons to be together.

What surrounds the nucleus of an atom?

The nucleus is surrounded by electron clouds that produce invisible field forces.

What does the amount of protons determine?

The chemical elements that is formed.

What is the atomic mass?

Is the average atomic mass of all the different isotopes in a sample.

What is the atomic number?

Number of protons in a atom.

What is the mass number?

Number of protons and nucleus together.

What are the isotopes?

Different form of elements that have the same number of protons but different neutrons.

What are the characteristics of the Democritus atomic model?

If you take a piece of matter a divide it it will com a point where you can divide it any more.

What are the characteristics of the Dalton atomic model?

All matter are tiny particles called atoms which are indestructible and unchangeable.

What are the characteristics of the Thomson atomic model?

Thomson showed that the change would deflect away from the negative coil; he also discovered the electron.

What are the characteristics of the Rutherford atomic model?

The nucleus of the atom is a dense mass of positively and that he electrons orbit the nucleus.

What are the characteristics of the Bohr atomic model?

Electrons orbit the nucleus on an orbit that have set size and energy and that the lower level of energy the lower the orbit.

What are the characteristics of the Sommerfeld atomic model?

The orbitals may be circular or elliptical. Orbits are made of sub-energy.

What are the characteristics of the Schrodinger atomic model?

The electron dont orbit in an exact orbit.

Chadwick:

neutrons have neutral energy R= 1)

Heisenberg's

uncertainty principle:

You cannot know the position and the velocity of an object at the same time.

Quantum superposition

An electron can behave as a wave or as an electron at the same time, two or more quantum states can be added together and the result will be another quantum state.

Quantum entanglement

Two objects are connected with each other even if they are spatially separated.

How many quantum numbers are

R= there are 4.

What does n, l, m and s mean? R=

n= principal quantum number(energy level) l= angular momentum quantum number(zona) m= magnetic quantum number.(numeros negativos) s= spin quantum number(1/2).

What is the electronic configuration?

R= is the arrangement of electrons in energy levels around an atomic nucleus. big number= energy level letter= shape of the orbital little number= electron position in the energy level.

What is the Kernel electronic configuration?

R= it uses the noble gasses to summarize the electronic configuration of the chemical elements. Name the seven noble gasses and their atomic number: R= Helium (He): 2 Neon (Ne): 10 Argon (Ar): 18 Krypton (Kr): 36 Xenon (Xe): 54 Radon (Rn): 86 Oganesson (Og): 118.

Name the four properties related with the quantum numbers and the electronic configurations:

R= 1)Valence layer: outer shell in an atom. 2)Valence electrons: all the electrons that are in the valence layer. 3)Differential electron: the last electron added in an atom. 4)Oxidation state: the amount of electrons that an atom can share or receive when it forms chemical bonds.

Periods

rows on the periodic table(from the same period have the same number of electron shells).

Group

columns (have the same number of valance electrons).

Global Warming

What is the greenhouse effect?

Sun rays enter the earth but can't escape by the gases so they warm the earth more.

What is the major greenhouse gasses emisor?

CO2.

Which countries emit more co2 per year?

China, Usa, European union, India , Russia.

How many gigatons of c02 are emitted per year?

36831 gigatons.

What is the main source of co2 emissions?

Production of Energy What is the Paris arrangement? Is an international treaty on climate change by doing 0 emissions of Co2.

Uncertainty principle

What is the uncertainty principle?

Everything in the universe behaves as a particle and a wave at the same time.

What does it mean to behave like a particle?

Exist in a single place and in a single time and nowhere else.

What are waves?

Disturbances spread into space.

What is the wavelength?

Distance between the valley and peaks of a wave What is the momentum? Can be defined as mass in movement (massXvelocity) Why can't we notice the uncertainty principle? Because it is very small imposible to detect by humans. What is quantum superposition? The electron can behave as a wave and as a particle at the same time. What is Quantum entanglement? 2 objects are connected even though the individual object may be seen separated.

What is the standard model?

Explains how matter is formed What are the functions of protons? Help blind the nucleus together Function of up and down quarks? To deal with protons and neutrons What's the function of W and S bosons? interact with quarks and are responsible for weak forces and the 4 fundamental forces.