As2 ionic or covalent
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In the periodic table, elements are classified into metals, nonmetals, and metalloids. Metals are ductile, malleable, shiny, are good conductors for heat and electricity. All metals are solids at room temperature and pressure except, Mercury. Nonmetals exist as solids, liquids, or gases. A liquid non-metal at room temperature and pressure is Bromine.
The elements in the d-block in the periodic table have several characteristics in common.
(i) Give the electron configuration of N2+
1S2 2S2 2P3- 2= 1S2 2S2 2P1
(ii) Explain what is meant by a ligand and describe the type of bond formed between a ligand and a d-block element.
It is an atom or molecule with a lone pair of electrons that combine with a metal through coordinate covalent bonding. In transition... Continue reading "Chemistry Basics: Metals, Nonmetals, and Transition Elements" »
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Electricity is an electric charge. But there is much more behind than the simple statement:
To understand it we start with atoms, one of the basic blocks of life and matter. An atom is three different particles: electrons, protons and neutrons. Each atom has a central nucleus, where protons and neutrons are attached. Around the nucleus there is a group of electrons in orbit. The number defines which chemical element the atom represents. This set is called the atom's atomic number. Electrons are the operation of electricity In its most stable and balanced state, an atom... Continue reading "Understanding Electricity: Atoms, Charge, and Flow" »
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Metal + nonmetal = ionic bond
Nonmetal + nonmetal = covalent bond
Metal + metal = metallic bond
Electron filling pattern: 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f
Physical Changes
Chemical Changes - Do produce new substances.
Ions - Atoms can gain or lose electrons to form ions (atoms with a charge.
• Anion - Atom with a negative charge.
• Cation - Atom with a positive charge.
quantitative= number/amount, qualitative= observation of physical change
alkali metals the column of elements from lithium to francium.
Alkaline earths the column of elements from beryllium to radium.
Halogens the column of elements from fluorine to astatine.
The Periodic Law states that the physical and
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-Anion: any atom or group of atoms that has a negative charge.
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Capacity: the ability to contain, hold, produce, or understand something
Synonyms: ability, aptitude
Antonyms: inability, limitation
Example: humans have a great capacity for biulding relationships.
Confer: to exchange ideas on a particular subject, often in order to reach a decision on what action take.
Synonyms: award to, consult, give, bestow, give
Antonyms: revoked, refused
Example: knowing how to read was a gift conferred
Emerge: to become manifeste
Synonyms: arise, come up
Antonyms: opposite,away from
Example: new problems emerge
Generate: to bring into existence
Synonyms: bring, breed, cause
Antonyms: destroy, end, stop
Example: this movie generate a good impresion
Trace: a minute and often barely detectable amount
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• Same elements with different numbers of neutrons
• Same element with an unequal number of protons and electrons
Things with charge (protons and electrons) generate electric fields (E) (Likewise, electric fields can affect things with charge)
When atoms or molecules “happen across” energy, [usually] 1 of 2 things can happen: 1) they wiggle-jiggle more [we classify the amount of “wiggling-jiggling” by the quantity of temperature] 2) the energy, if it is a) in the form of a special type of electromagnetic field and b) of a specific frequency, can be absorbed
λ∙f = c
λ = wavelength of the wave [m]
f = frequency of the wave [Hertz, Hz=1/s]
c = speed of light = 3∙108 m/s
Electromagnetic Waves
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Gold is found mainly as the metal itself in the earth because it has a low reaction rate, which prevents easy oxidation.
Carbon can be used to extract zinc because carbon has a higher reaction rate than zinc.
Sodium was not extracted until 1807 because sodium attaches itself very strongly to other elements, making it difficult to separate and obtain a pure substance.
i) Name of Material: Limestone
Reason why this metal is used: It decomposes silicon dioxide in the heat of the furnace to calcium oxide.
ii) Word Chemical Equation for the Reaction of Iron Extracted from Iron Ore when a Gaseous Oxide of Carbon Reacts with Iron Oxide: FeO + CO = Fe + CO2
i) Why a Mixture... Continue reading "Extraction of Metals and Chemical Reactions" »
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1)acetyl coA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate.
2)citrate then converts into isocitrate, water molecule is removed then added.
3)isocitrate is oxidized then releases CO2. NADH+ is reduced to NADH(caused by isocitrate dehydrogenase)
4)ketogluterate is oxidized, NAD+ is reduced to NADH which releases CO2. Then, it picks up coenzyme A to form succinly coA(ketogluterate dehydrogenase)
5)coA of succnyl coA is replaced by a phosphate group. ADP to ATP. Succinate is produced.
6)succinate oxidizes and forms fumerate. 2 H atoms are transferred to FAD which makes FADH2. Its electrons go to the electron transport chain.
7)water is added to fumerate, then turns into malate
8)malate oxidizes which regenerates oxaloacetate. NAD+ is reduced to NADH once... Continue reading "3ADP 3Pi NADH H 1/2O2 ----> 3 ATP NADh H20" »
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Preliminary Test
Color of the Salt | Colourless | Absence of Cu 2+, Fe 2+, etc |
Odour of the Salt | Ammoniacal smell Vinegar smell | NH4 Acetate ion |
Solubility | In water with no precipitate with Na2CO3 In dil HCl, soluble | NH4 No Group 1 cations |
Salt is heated in a dry test tube | Colorless gas turns milky Reddish brown fumes Smell of ammonia Pleasant smell | Carbonate Nitrate ion NH4 Acetate ion |
Flame Test | Pale green Brick red | Ba Ca |
Ash Test | Blue ash | Al |
Systematic Analysis for Anions
Dil HCl is added to a little of the salt | Brisk effervescence of a colorless gas | CO3 |
Salt is rubbed with dil H2SO4 in a watch glass | Vinegar smell | Acetate |
Salt is heated with conc H2SO4 | Colorless pungent smelling gas is evolved and dense white fumes are produced when a glass rod dipped in NH4OH is shown near the mouth |