Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Chemistry

Ductility: Able to undergo change of form without breaking

·Malleability: capable of being shaped, as by Hammering or pressing:

·Density (give an Example): a measurement of how Tightly matter is crammed together. Example: Oil floats on vinegar because Its density is less.

• Chemical properties of matter (give an Example): Are any of the properties Of matter that may only be observed and measured by performing a chemical change or chemical Reaction. Example: oxidation states

·What is a physical Change (give an example): A usually reversible change in the physical 

properties of a substance,as size or shape. Example: When melting an ice cube.

·Difference between Chemical properties and physical properties (give an example)

Chemical reactions:

DEFINITION: chemical changes are called chemical reactions

THEORY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS: one set of substances is transformed into another set of substances. The substances that react are called reactants and the new ones products.

According to the collision theory, chemical reactions occur when the particles of the reactants collide with each other and are broken. But not all collisions break the molecules; it is only effective if the molecules collide in the right orientation and with sufficient speed to be able to break.

Increase the speed of a collision by.

-Increasing the temperature

-Splitting the substance into smaller pieces. They react faster because the contact surface is greater.

Law of conservation of mass or Lavoisier’s

Thompson: A Marxist Historian

Thompson was a historian with a Marxist background whose interest in radical political works sets him apart from other authors we studied. He, like Hoggart, followed culturalism, a perspective that stresses human agency, or the active production of culture and not its passive consumption. His book The Making of the English Working Class really embodies the term, since in it he traces the development of the English working class between 1780 and 1832, more or less the time encompassed by the Industrial Revolution. The book can be seen as a rescue operation of the members (especially radicals) of the working class lost in a history led by the deaths of monarchs, statesmen, military leaders, and politicians. These... Continue reading "The Making of the English Working Class: A Radical Perspective" »

ADDITION

• and
• Also
• Besides
• In addition to
• Additonally
• likewise
• Moreover
• Furthermore
• Not only… but also
• Not only… but… as well
• both… and…

CONDITION

• if
• even if
• only if
• whether … or not
• unless
• provided (that)
• providing
• as long as
• in case
• in case of
• in the event of
• once

ALTERNATIVE

• or
• either… or…
• neither… nor...
• else
• otherwise

REASON

• As
• Because
• As a result of…
• As a consequence of...
• For
• For this reason
• since
• due to...
• owing to

COMPARATIVE

• as
• as… as…
• not as… as…
• not so… as…
• as if
• as though
• likewise
• similarly
• ...than

CONTRAST

• But
• however
• nonetheless
• Nevertheless
• yet
• still
• ...instead
• instead of
• despite
• On the contrary
• On the one hand...
• on the other hand
• In contrast
• although... even though
• though
• whereas
• while

EXPLANATION

• i.e.
• that is
• that is to say

EXAMPLE

• e.g.
• for example
• for instance
• like
• such

^{Correction fluid is a white liquid. The organic solvent was originally used as an ingredient in the product. This solvent is readily absorbed by the lungs via inhalation. It has been replaced by a safer alternative for painting over mistakes. A brush (which was later replaced by a foam applicator) is attached to the cap, so when the bottle is closed, the brush is immersed in the fluid. When unscrewed, the brush is covered in liquid which is then painted over the mistake. However, it is still possible to see that the product has been used, and also the original content if the paper is held up to a light.}

Functions of Language

• Expresiva or emotiva: expresses feelings
• Funcion apelativa: incites the receiver
• Representativa: provides information
• Poetica

•Animals, plants, fungi, and most protists depend on mitochondria for energy to grow and survive

•There are more than 100 known mitochondrial disorders (including Luft syndrome)

•Defective mitochondria also contribute to many age-related problems (including Alzheimer’s)

•Aerobic respiration

•Form of cellular respiration in eukaryotes and many prokaryotes

•Oxygen is a reactant in the ATP producing process

•Anaerobic respiration

•Form of cellular respiration in some prokaryotes

•A molecule other than oxygen, such as sulfate or nitrate, is used in the ATP-producing process

•Photosynthesis stores energy from sunlight in electron-rich fuel molecules (such as sugars)

•Cellular respiration moves electrons from fuel to other molecules... Continue reading "Mitochondria, Respiration, and Photosynthesis: Energy Processes in Cells" »