Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

WATERLOO

Waterloo was fought on Sunday, 18 June 1815 near Waterloo in Belgium, part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands at the time. A French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition: a British-led allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Field Marshal Blücher. The battle marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars.

HOLY ALLIANCE

The Holy Alliance was a coalition linking the monarchist great powers of Russia, Austria, and Prussia. It was created after the final defeat of Napoleon at the behest of Tsar Alexander I of Russia and signed in Paris on 26 September 1815. The alliance aimed to restrain liberalism and secularism in Europe... Continue reading "The Impact of Waterloo and the Holy Alliance on European History" »

World War I: 1914

• June 28: Archduke Franz Ferdinand, prince to the Austria-Hungary throne, is assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serbian named Gavrilo Princip.
• July 23: Austria-Hungary makes demands on Serbia for retribution. Serbia does not meet demands.
• July 28: Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. Russia begins mobilizing its troops.
• August 1: Germany declares war on Russia.
• August 3: Germany declares war on France as part of the Schlieffen Plan.
• August 4: Germany invades Belgium. Britain declares war on Germany.
• August 23 to 30: The Battle of Tannenberg is fought between Germany and Russia. The Germans defeat the Russian Second Army.
• September 5 to 12: The advancing German army is stopped before Paris by the British and French at the First Battle

             3. THE THIRTY YEARS WAR

Causes:  

1. This war was caused because of the cinflict between Catholics and protestants in the Holy Roman Empire
2. Gradually it developed into a more general conflict for Europe political dominance

The main problems of the war and the different participants:

1. Protestants uprising in Bohemia: Some protestants nobles expelled the Cathilics and appointed a protestant kink in Bohemia. The emperor who was king of Bohemia too fought against them.
2. Two sides were formed: 1. The emperor had the support of the German Catholics and the king os Spain and Portugal 2. The protestants allied with German but they were defeated
3. Swedish participation: 1. After the Surrunder of Breda the German Catholic took the protestants

(h2)Which is the only directly elected organ of the EU? When were the last elections? And the next ones? (h3)The EU parliament, elected every 5 years, 2014 last elections, 2019 next(h2)Which four institutions of the EU play the most important role in the decision-making process? (h3)The European Parliament, European Commission, European Council and the Council of the European Union (Ministers)(h2)What does art. 5 of the Washington Treaty outline? When was it invoked in the past? When could it be invoked in the future? (h3)Art. 5 of Washington Treaty outlines the alliance of members when it comes to defense: The principle of collective security; It was invoked after 9/11. The Washington Treaty is the founding Treaty of NATO. NATO has taken collective... Continue reading "Key Institutions and Treaties in International Relations" »

1921 Mussolini founded the National Fascist Party

and proclaimed himself the leader. Fascism: support of the board of the social sector, renew Italy. 1922 blackshirts (paramilitary militias) undertook Rome. King Victor Emanuel III entrusted him to form a new government. Mussolini has social, political cultural, politics, economy, society power.

1925 assassination of Matteotti = the Parliament dissolved

, fascism dictatorship installed. Crisis in 1929 unemployment- Public Works/ imperialist expansion by the state = good propaganda

1930 Italy allied with Germany

The Treaty of Versailles pulled Germany into misery. Violent political and social situation = Nazis party led by Adolf Hitler 1933 enormous inflation lead to nowhere. Munich Putsch- I failed... Continue reading "Rise of Fascism and Nazism Leading to World War II" »

Introduction

Despite the distinctive contexts and settings of the literary text "Ransom" by David Malouf and the film "The Queen" directed by Stephen Frears, the notion of grief and its exploration is central to both. As Malouf presents us with the image of Hector's lifeless body being dragged through the sediment, we are reminded of how difficult it is to overcome grief. Indeed, past habits can heavily restrict and hinder the process of healing. Both texts delve into how grief can be overcome by connecting with others, nature, and oneself. Furthermore, both the director and author advocate that overcoming grief unlocks a wealth of benefits.

Views and Values

• Malouf advocates that despite one's societal status, paternal duty is still valued and

1. The 17th Century: Transformations and Conflicts

1.1. The Transformations of the 17th Century

• Political Transformations: Serious international confrontations arose, leading to the decline of Spain's hegemony in Europe. Authoritarian monarchy was substituted by absolute monarchy, and the first parliamentary systems emerged.
• Economic Transformations: The rise of commerce encouraged financial capitalism, and the majority of states imposed mercantilism. Mercantilism was a new economic doctrine proposing that the power of both the monarchy and the country was based on the accumulation of wealth and precious metals.
• Social Transformations: The society of the three estates began to rupture due to the rise of the bourgeoisie, who became wealthier through

Franco's Dictatorship: Consolidation and Crisis (1959-1969)

1st Stage: The Stabilization Plan

1. Economic Changes
   • Importance of the Stabilization Plan of 1959, proposed by technocrats in government and new members of Opus Dei that assumed important posts in Franco's cabinet. Opus Dei aspired to economic integration in Europe, but Spain would be exposed to democratic influences.
   • Measures proposed by these technocrats:
     • Curb inflation, reduce government control of the economy, bring Spanish economic procedures in line with European standards. Spain's industrial production and standard of living increased.
   • Effects:
     • Foreign investment, attracted by low production costs, launched a process of industrialization, not only in Catalonia and the Basque Country,

16th Century Economy and Society

The economy prospered due to the riches obtained from the Americas, especially silver and gold.

• It enabled the kings to finance the numerous wars they were involved in throughout Europe, meaning that the majority of his wealth ended up outside the Iberian Peninsula.
• The arrival of metals enriched the nobility. They used the silver and gold to buy luxury products, but did not invest in production. Therefore, the majority of the population became poorer.
• The craft industry began to grow due to an increase in demand from the American territories. However, the rise in prices made Spanish products more expensive, and it became cheaper to buy them abroad.
• As they had more resources, the monarchs were able to begin more

The Bourgeois Revolutions

These revolutions enabled the bourgeoisie to gain political and social status previously only available to the nobility under the Ancient Régime. These revolutions took place in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Key Revolutions

• The American Revolution: The independence of the US was the bourgeoisie's first triumph.
• The French Revolution: Ended absolute monarchy and the estate system of the Ancien Régime, ushering in the Modern Age.

The American Revolution

In the American War of Independence, Great Britain fought against its 13 colonies located on the Atlantic coast of North America.

Causes

• Ideological Factors: Colonists, familiar with Enlightenment thinking about liberty and equality, used these ideals as the basis for the independence