Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

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Clasificación de Palabras y Relatos de Viajes

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Clasificación de las palabras

Según su significado

  • Sustantivos: nombran objetos, seres o ideas (ej. libro, árbol, bondad).
  • Adjetivos: expresan cualidades (ej. pequeño, frondoso, verde).
  • Verbos: establecen acciones, estados o procesos (ej. acompañar, ser, madurar).
  • Adverbios: indican circunstancias de lugar, tiempo, modo, etc. (ej. aquí, ahora, lentamente).

Según su forma

  • Variables: cambian su forma (ej. ciudad/ciudades, nadaba/nadábamos).
  • Invariables: no cambian de forma (ej. por, pero, además).
  • Simples: formadas por un solo monema (ej. agua, nube, y, por).
  • Compuestas: formadas por más de un lexema (ej. lavaplatos, parachoques).
  • Primitivas: no contienen ningún morfema derivativo (ej. casa, perro).
  • Derivadas: contienen prefijos, infijos o sufijos
... Continue reading "Clasificación de Palabras y Relatos de Viajes" »

English Vocabulary and Useful Expressions: A Spanish-English Word List for Students

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VOCABULARY

A

  • accurate - exacto
  • all the rage - de moda
  • approach - propuesta
  • autograph - autógrafo
  • amazement - sorpresa
  • appearance - aparición / aspecto
  • avoid - evitar
  • amount - cantidad
  • available - disponible
  • affluent - rico

B

  • bond - enlace
  • brother-in-law - cuñado
  • buried - enterrado
  • bright - brillante
  • bitter - amargo
  • banned - prohibido
  • belly - barriga
  • burglar - ladrón

C

  • cheered - animado
  • careless - descuidado
  • crops - cosecha
  • carbon footprint - huella de carbono
  • cut down - reducir
  • controversial - polémico
  • crew - equipo / cuadrilla
  • crowd - multitud
  • close up - primer plano
  • crawls - arrastrarse
  • crashed - estrellarse
  • charge - cargar

D

  • delightful - encantador
  • discouraging - desalentador
  • disappointing - decepcionante
  • deafening - ensordecedor
  • disgusting - repugnante
  • debris - restos
  • devote
... Continue reading "English Vocabulary and Useful Expressions: A Spanish-English Word List for Students" »

English Language Study Notes and Grammar Rules

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Travel and Lifestyle Vocabulary

  • Travel: beach holiday, city break, travel companion, return flight, winter sports, train ticket, five-star accommodation, luxury hotel, day trip.

Verbs and Phrasal Verbs

  • Common Verbs: borrow (pedir prestado), lend (dejar), look (mirar), see (ver), watch (mirar en movimiento).
  • Phrasal Verbs: get on (subir), get off (bajar), set off (salir), come back (volver), come across (encontrar), turn back (tornar enrere), stop off (parar), put up (alojarse), put on (ponerse), take off (treure).

Adjectives and Descriptors

  • Style: smart-casual (elegante/deportivo), fashionable vs. old-fashioned (de moda), tight vs. baggy (apretado/holgado).
  • Qualities: comfortable vs. uncomfortable (cómodo/incómodo), impractical vs. practical (práctico/
... Continue reading "English Language Study Notes and Grammar Rules" »

Mastering English Correspondence Formats and Phrases

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Informal Email/Letter Structure

Greeting: Hi Juanjo,

Sorry that I haven't been in touch for a while, but I've been ill. I had a temperature of 40ºC, so I've been in bed for five days. I'm feeling a bit better today, so I've been catching up on my emails.

How are you? What have you been doing? I hear everyone is fine. My mother is stressed with work and taking care of my brother Alix, which is just as naughty as ever. How is your family? I hope they're well.

[Invent something relevant to the topic here.]

Well, that's all for now. Please give my regards to your family. I hope to hear from you soon.

Take care,

SANDRA

Useful Expressions

  • Sorry to hear about your exam results.
  • Glad to hear that you're all well (Encantado de saber que estás bien).
  • Good luck
... Continue reading "Mastering English Correspondence Formats and Phrases" »

Mastering English: Time, Word Building, Connectors

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Mastering English: Time, Word Building, and Connectors

Time Vocabulary and Expressions

Verbs related to time:

  • Give: dar
  • Have: tener
  • Kill: matar
  • Make up for: compensar
  • Run out of: quedarse sin
  • Save: guardar
  • Spare: sobrante
  • Take: tomar
  • Take up: absorber
  • Waste: perder

Prepositions of Time:

  • At: en
  • Before: antes
  • By: por
  • For: para
  • From: desde
  • In: dentro de
  • Off: apagado
  • On: sobre
  • To: a

Common Time Expressions:

  • With time to spare: con tiempo de sobra
  • The whole time: todo el tiempo
  • Time's up: se acabó el tiempo
  • Short of time: poco tiempo
  • I've got time on my hands: tengo el tiempo en mis manos
  • For the time being: siendo por el momento
  • A question of time: una cuestión de tiempo
  • A long time ago: hace mucho tiempo
  • There isn't much time left: no queda mucho tiempo
  • The time next week:
... Continue reading "Mastering English: Time, Word Building, Connectors" »

Spain's Restoration and Francoist Era: Politics, Repression and Language Variation

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Vineyta 1874 torna monarq borb i Allfons XIII, const 76 garantir estab política, Bipartidisme: sistema polític en què dos partits principals es reparteixen el poder i alternen el govern. Durant la Restauració, eren el Partit Conservador i el Partit Liberal. Torn dinàstic: mecanisme pel qual els dos partits dinàstics (conservadors i liberals) s'alternaven en el govern de manera pactada, independentment dels resultats reals de les eleccions. Encasellat: procés previ a les eleccions en què el govern elaborava una llista dels candidats que havien de resultar elegits a cada districte. Clientelisme: relació de dependència entre una persona influent (cacic) i els seus seguidors, als quals oferia favors, feina o protecció a canvi de suport... Continue reading "Spain's Restoration and Francoist Era: Politics, Repression and Language Variation" »

Mastering Collocations with the Verb Do

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Common Expressions and Collocations with the Verb Do

  • Anything (no hacer nada): My brother does not do anything in my house.
  • A job (hacer un trabajo): My brother does a job with my friend.
  • Badly (hacer mal): My brother does your homework badly.
  • Nothing (no hacer nada): My father does nothing in my house.
  • A burp (hacer un eructo): My brother does a burp after dinner.
  • A painting (hacer un cuadro): My cousin does a painting in the afternoon.
  • Business (hacer un negocio): My mother does business with my family.
  • Right (hacer las cosas bien): My mother does right in my house.
  • A course (hacer un curso): My brother does an English course.
  • A service (hacer un servicio): The electrician does a service in the mall.
  • Damage (hacer daño): My brother does damage to me.
... Continue reading "Mastering Collocations with the Verb Do" »

Mastering English Verb Patterns and Grammar

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Verb Patterns: Infinitives and Gerunds

Infinitive with 'to'

Used after certain verbs and expressions:

  • Verbs followed by 'to' + infinitive: afford, agree, decide, expect, forget, help, learn, manage, need, plan, prepare, promise, want, wish.
  • Verb + object + 'to' + infinitive: advise, allow, ask, encourage, expect, help, invite, order, permit, prefer, recommend, tell, want, remind.

Infinitive without 'to'

Used in specific cases:

  • After modal verbs.
  • After 'had better'.
  • After 'but' and 'except'.
  • After verbs of perception.

Gerund (-ing form)

Used in the following situations:

  • As a subject in general statements.
  • As a direct object.
  • For prohibitions.
  • After prepositions.
  • Verbs followed by gerund: avoid, consider, continue, deny, dislike, enjoy, feel, forbid, give up,
... Continue reading "Mastering English Verb Patterns and Grammar" »

English–Spanish Vocabulary and Present Simple Examples

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English–Spanish Vocabulary

  • Earn: ganar
  • Write his: escribir su
  • An application form: un formulario de solicitud
  • An advert: un anuncio
  • Vacancy: vacantes
  • Started work: trabajo iniciado
  • A part-time job: un trabajo a tiempo parcial
  • Filled: lleno
  • Application form: formulario de aplicaciones
  • Offered: ofrecido
  • A job: un trabajo
  • Successful: exitoso
  • Worried: preocupado
  • Businessman: empresario
  • About: acerca de
  • Someone: alguien
  • Remembering: recordando
  • First: primero
  • Looking: mirando
  • Start: comienzo
  • Would like: gustaría
  • Expect: esperar
  • Don't mind: no importa
  • Spend time: pasar el tiempo
  • Want: querer
  • Learn: aprender
  • Need: necesidad
  • Doing: obra
  • Thinks: pensar
  • Abroad: en el extranjero

Common Objects and Question Words

  • Paper aeroplane: avión de papel
  • Place again: lugar de nuevo
  • Same: mismo
  • Sense
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Mastering English Grammar: Conditionals, Tenses, and Passive Voice

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First Conditional

Structure: If + simple present + simple future

  • If I study for the exam, I will get a good grade.
  • If it rains today, I'll stay at home. (Si llueve hoy, me quedaré en casa)
  • If it is cold, you must wear warm clothes. (Si hace frío, debes usar ropa abrigada)
  • If he is busy now, I will come back tomorrow. (Si está ocupado ahora, regresaré mañana)

Question Tags

If a statement is positive, it should be tagged with a negative statement, and vice versa.

  • All of you will take an exam after holidays, won't you?

Questions and Negatives

  • Question: If Clara is free tomorrow, will he invite her? (¿Si Clara está libre mañana, la invitará él?)
  • Negative: If Clara isn't free tomorrow, he won't invite her. (Si Clara no está libre mañana, él no
... Continue reading "Mastering English Grammar: Conditionals, Tenses, and Passive Voice" »