English Grammar and Historical Evolution of Books

English Verb Tenses

• Present Simple: Our bus leaves at 5 o'clock.
• Future Perfect: We'll have walked miles by the time we finish.
• Future Simple: I think that robot will win the championship.
• Future Continuous: I hope that I'll be designing F1 cars in 10 years' time.
• Present Continuous: We're all meeting for lunch at 1 o'clock.
• To be going to: I'm going to enter that competition.

The Evolution of the Book

The evolution of the book began approximately in 3000 BC, when clay tablets were engraved with words. One of the oldest surviving literary fragments from this period is The Epic of Gilgamesh, a long poem about a mythical king. Only incomplete verses from the era survive on 12 clay tablets. These were discovered in 1853 in the ancient Assyrian city of Nineveh, located in modern-day Iraq.

Vocabulary Check

• Engrave: To cut words into metal, stone, etc.
• Adopt: To take and use something.
• Evolution: The gradual process of change and development of something.
• Scroll: A long roll of paper with writing on it.

Key Sentences

1. Having your first book published is a turning point for an author.
2. Please fasten your seat belts.
3. The evolution of the project was a slow and difficult process.
4. The ancient scroll in the museum was beautiful, but the writing on it was illegible.
5. Tim doesn't resemble his brother in any way.
6. The winner of the school essay-writing competition gets a cup which they engrave with your name.

A Busy Bee: Future Continuous Exercises

1. will be lining
2. will be watching
3. will be taking
4. won't be wearing
5. will be running
6. won't be
7. will feel
8. will be cheering

Future Tense Practice

1. Live in the moment. The future will take care of itself.
2. 9.3 billion people will be living on Earth in 2050.
3. Remembering that you are going to die one day is the best way to avoid thinking you have something to lose.
4. As soon as you trust yourself, you will know how to live.
5. By the end of their lives, the average person will have spent 9 years watching TV.

A Story of Return

Ben and his father got off the plane and left the airport. Ana, Ben's mother, and his grandparents were waiting for them at the airport's exit. They were waiting with a big banner that said 'Welcome home'. Ben and his father ran to hug them. When they got home, they told them how hard it had been to leave Ukraine and the difficult circumstances that they went through due to the war between Ukraine and Russia. The mother and grandparents were very sad to learn about the things that Ben and his father had to endure until they arrived in Spain.