Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

El Pensamiento Económico

El liberalismo económico

Adam Smith (La riqueza de las naciones, 1776) recomienda al Gobierno reducir al mínimo sus intervenciones en el mercado, ya que las ventas y los precios actúan como señales que dirigen al mercado.

El marxismo

Karl Marx critica al liberalismo económico poniendo en duda que los problemas del mercado se resuelvan solos y defiende la intervención del Estado para que este pueda garantizar las necesidades básicas de toda la población.

Las teorías keynesianas

John M. Keynes propone utilizar las señales del mercado y la intervención del Estado para resolver los problemas económicos para así crear una economía mixta.

La corriente neoliberal

Después de la crisis que se sufrió gracias a la economía... Continue reading "Pensamiento Económico y Funciones Empresariales Clave" »

JURASSIC

Tethys opened to the west and separated Laurasia to the north from Gondwana to the south. The Cimmerian orogenic phase took place.

Jurassic climate

Criteria are based on biological types (reefs and plants). The climate was tropical and subtropical in the area of the Tethys, and temperate in the Boreal zone. In general, temperatures were high and more humid than in the Triassic.

Jurassic lithofacies

Liassic transgression (rifting phase)

1. Development of carbonate platforms of the Bahamas type, with reefs in the Tethys. Liassic platform limestones and corals were deposited.
2. Calcareous pelagic facies, rhythmic and ammonitico rosso.

Oxfordian transgression

An expansion phase marked by the opening of the North Atlantic. Evaporites formed in the new... Continue reading "Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods: Geology, Climate, and Life" »

Writing:

Frases buenas: In spite of, due to, in order to, as well as, for instance, to be honest, perhaps we should also point out the fact that..,

Articles:

Siempre un titulo, Has been my best friend from that day when… Acabar con una pequeña broma si se puede. Introduccion presentando el tema y sobre que va a tartar el articulo, Segundo parrafo de porque me gusta (One of the cool thing about). Tercer párrafo (however) recomendación y porque, párrafo de cierre (in conclusión), una especie de resumen y preguntar al lector.

Reports:

si te pone you should mention (ese el nombre del titutlo). Tiene que tener titutlo, dividido en secciones, por ejemplo Introduccion-Free time activities (As a result, on the other hand)- Other facilities- Reccomendations... Continue reading "Effective Writing Tips and Techniques" »

Theme 8: Communication and Social Interaction Vocabulary

Verbs and Phrases for Communication (English - Spanish)

Agree

Estar de acuerdo

Argue

Discutir

Answer the phone

Contestar

Ask

Pedir

Apologize

Pedir disculpas

Chat

Hablar con alguien

Fall out with (sb)

Enfadarse con alguien

Leave a message

Dejar un mensaje

Make a call

Hacer una llamada

Post a message

Enviar un mensaje

Warn

Advertir

Assist

Ayudar

Bad-mouth somebody

Difamar

Enquire about sth

Entrevistar

Fancy doing smth

Que te apetece hacer algo

Reckon

Pensar (de manera formal)

Require

Preguntar

Ad (Advertise)

Anunciar

Enquiry

Encuesta

Paper

Periódico

Adjectives Describing People

Big-mouthed

Hablador

Ill-mannered

Maleducado

Advanced Communication Phrases

Go on about sth

Talk about something for a long time

Shut up

Callarte o cerrar

Get in

Essential English-Spanish Verb Phrases

• To have an effect on sth: tener efecto sobre algo
• To arrive in (country, city, continent, island): llegar a
• To have sth left: quedar algo (e.g., I have five minutes left)
• To take sth for granted (to assume): dar algo por hecho
• To be determined to do sth: estar decidido a hacer algo
• To give oneself a special treat: concederse un capricho
• To become the talk of the town: estar en boca de todos
• To arrive at (town, decision, airport, small place): llegar a
• To ban sbdy from doing sth: prohibir a alguien hacer algo
• To keep a project going: mantener un proyecto en marcha
• To be good at (doing) sth: ser bueno en algo/haciendo algo
• To lead a happy/sad/etc. life: llevar una vida feliz, triste, etc.
• To keep in touch with sbdy:

Idioms

Get away from it all

somewhere peaceful

Off the beaten track

go where other tourists don't

Up close and personal

experiencing something from very near

In the blink of an eye

very quickly

A drop in the ocean

a small amount compared to what is needed

Goes through the roof

rises to a very high level

Go up in smoke

spoiled or wasted (destroyed by fire)

The tide is turning

reversing events

As right as rain

fresco como una rosa

Feeling under the weather

no sentirse bien físicamente

Sleep like a log

dormir como un tronco

Feeling down in the dumps

estar de bajón

As fit as a fiddle

estar como un roble

Out of the blue

suddenly, unexpected

Have blood on their hands

responsible for someone's death

Bitter pill to swallow

an unpleasant fact that has to be accepted

Handed to me

English Connectors & Spanish Translations

• although: aunque
• also: también
• as: como / ya que / mientras
• as well: así también
• as well as: tanto como
• because of: a causa de
• both...and: ambos...y
• consequently: consecuentemente
• despite: a pesar de
• due to: debido a
• either...or: o...o
• even though: aunque
• for: por / para
• furthermore: además
• however: sin embargo
• in addition: además
• in fact: de hecho
• in order to: para
• in spite of: a pesar de
• moreover: además
• neither...nor: ni...ni
• nevertheless: sin embargo / no obstante
• not only...but also: no solo...sino también
• obviously: obviamente
• on the other hand: por otro lado
• or: o
• owing to: debido a
• since: desde / ya que
• so as to: para
• so that: para que
• therefore: por lo tanto
• though: aunque
• to: a / para
• too: también
• unfortunately:

Essential English Phrasal Verbs

Improve your English fluency by learning these common phrasal verbs, complete with their past simple and past participle forms, and Spanish translations. Understanding these verbs is crucial for natural communication.

Go on

• Past Simple: Went on
• Past Participle: Gone on
• Meaning: Partir / continuar

Carry on

• Past Simple: Carried on
• Past Participle: Carried on
• Meaning: Continuar

Carry out

• Past Simple: Carried out
• Past Participle: Carried out
• Meaning: Realizar

Come back

• Past Simple: Came back
• Past Participle: Come back
• Meaning: Volver

Come down

• Past Simple: Came down
• Past Participle: Come down
• Meaning: Descender

Come in

• Past Simple: Came in
• Past Participle: Come in
• Meaning: Entrar

Come out

• Past Simple: Came out
• Past Participle: Come out
• Meaning:

La Edad de Plata

La Edad de Plata es el nombre que recibe el florecimiento cultural español del primer tercio del siglo XX hasta la Guerra Civil. Lo formaron muchos autores de gran calidad. Se los denominó generación debido a que todos nacieron en un periodo interior a 15 años; además, muchos estudiaron en la Residencia de Estudiantes y también por el acontecimiento generacional del tricentenario de la muerte de Góngora.

Este grupo es ecléctico, hace críticas constructivas, no se alza contra nada y es muy respetuoso con la tradición literaria española. Estos autores no tienen un estilo único; en todos se ve el deseo de renovar el lenguaje poético, y el estilo es muy personal. Por todo esto, Góngora es el modelo de estos seguidores.... Continue reading "La Edad de Plata: Generación del 27 y la Poesía Española del Siglo XX" »

English Grammar Reference: Voice and Speech

Active and Passive Voice Conjugation

The Passive Voice is formed using the verb "to be" + the Past Participle (3rd form or -ed), often followed by (by + agent).

Tense Shifts in Active and Passive Voice

• Present Simple (PS): examines → is examined
• Present Continuous (PC): is examining → is being examined
• Past Simple (Pa.S): examined → was examined
• Past Continuous (Pa.C): was examining → was being examined
• Present Perfect Simple (PPS): has/have examined → has been examined
• Past Perfect Simple (Pa.P.S): had examined → had been examined
• Future Simple (FS): will examine → will be examined

Passive Voice with Modals and Special Structures

• Modals: should examine → should be examined
• Modal Perfect (Mod.