Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

Travel Vocabulary: English to Spanish

Build your travel English with this list of common words and phrases, paired with their Spanish translations.

Present Simple: Acciones habituales (always, usually, often, sometimes, occasionally, never). Present Continuous: Cosas que suceden mientras se habla (at the moment, now, today). Past Simple: (yesterday, last week, when, two days ago). Past Continuous: (while, as in that moment, when). Perfect: (never, since, yet, just, already). Be Going To: (plans, intentions y predicciones evidentes). Be + ING: (ho spas certisim, in October). Will + INF: (ofrecimientos, preguntas).

Who, Which, Where, When, Whose, Why

So: tan, así que, por lo que. So That: de modo que, para que. For Example: por ejemplo.... Continue reading "Understanding English Tenses and Grammar Rules" »

Contexto: Karl Marx

Marx nace en 1818 en Tréveris, región de Prusia. Nieto y sobrino de rabinos judíos, tiene que bautizarse en el protestantismo para poder ejercer la carrera de abogado. Estudia derecho en Bonn y Berlín, donde toma contacto con la izquierda hegeliana.

Abandona el derecho y se dedica a la filosofía de su época, buscando la forma de defender la emancipación humana. Marx llega a la conclusión de que la filosofía solo puede aportar una nueva verdad si cambia radicalmente el método seguido hasta ahora.

Al producirse la revolución de 1848, Marx redacta el Manifiesto del Partido Comunista. A partir de entonces dedica toda su vida entera al esfuerzo de estudiar la sociedad capitalista y organizar a los trabajadores en su lucha... Continue reading "Karl Marx: Vida, Pensamiento y Contexto del Capitalismo del Siglo XIX" »

Interrogative Pronouns and Adverbs

• Who? (¿Quién?) - Who sings in the bath every morning?
• Whom? (¿A quién?) - Whom did you meet? (Rarely used in modern English)
• Whose? (¿De quién?) - Whose book is this?
• What? (¿Qué?) - What is this?
• Which? (¿Qué? ¿Cuál?) - Which book do you want?
• How? (¿Cómo?) - How do you get to school?
• Where? (¿Dónde?) - Where is the Post Office?
• When? (¿Cuándo?) - When do you get up?

Time and Place Transformations

• Tomorrow → The next day / The following day
• Yesterday → The day before
• Here → There
• This / That → The
• This morning → That morning
• Today → That day
• Tonight → That night
• Next Tuesday → The following Tuesday
• Last Tuesday → The previous Tuesday
• The day after tomorrow → In two days' time
• Ago → Before

Conceptos Fundamentales del Psicoanálisis

Estadio del Espejo

Describe la formación del Yo a través del proceso de identificación: el Yo es el resultado de identificarse con la propia imagen especular (se refiere al reflejo del propio cuerpo en el espejo, a la imagen de uno mismo que es simultáneamente uno mismo y otro).

Instinto y Pulsión

• Instinto: Se está refiriendo a los instintos en el sentido ordinario, es decir, a los apetitos innatos y específicos o comunes a todos los individuos de una especie.
• Pulsión: Se refiere a la fuerza que empuja al ser humano (incluidos los apetitos de carácter individual, propios de cada sujeto) hacia una persona, representación u objeto, que nunca se sacia.

Psicoanálisis y Mecanismos de Defensa

Psicoanálisis:

English Grammar and Vocabulary Essentials

Zero Article

• Plural, uncountable nouns and general: hours, days
• Before languages and meals

A

• Countable: To describe what something is

The

• Specific, known places
• Superlatives

Some/Any

• Some: Used in positive sentences, offers, and requests
• Any: Used in negative sentences and questions asking for information

Third Conditional

• If + subject + HAD (past perfect), subject + would have + past participle

Complex Dependent Sentences

• Lack meaning on their own

Compound-Complex Sentences

• An independent clause + subordination + dependent + comma + FANBOYS + independent
• I went to class, even though I was sleepy, and I learned a lot.

Subordinating Conjunctions

• After - después
• Although
• As - como, a medida que
• Because
• Before - antes
• If
• Once

Common Spanish Phrases and Expressions

• Vivir separados - To live apart.
• Ponerse de moda - To become fashionable.
• A largo plazo - Long term.
• Llover a cántaros - To rain cats and dogs.
• Enfermo mental - Mentally ill.
• De milagro - By a miracle.
• Sino todo lo contrario - Quite the reverse.
• Seguir los pasos de - To follow the footsteps of.
• Alistarse en el ejército - To join the army.
• Poco después - Shortly afterwards.
• Una mosquita muerta - A wolf in sheep's clothing (not 'a candy ass').
• No cabe duda - There is no doubt.
• Así es la vida - This is the way of life.
• Querer es poder - Where there is a will, there is a way.
• Dar gracias a Dios - To thank one's lucky stars.
• Soportar - To put up with.
• Matar dos pájaros de un tiro - To kill two birds with one stone.
• Tranquilízate

Article 27: Medical Secrecy and Confidentiality

1. Medical secrecy is one of the pillars on which the doctor-patient relationship is founded, based on mutual trust, regardless of the modality of professional practice.

2. Medical secrecy obliges the physician to maintain the confidentiality of everything the patient has revealed and entrusted to them, what they have seen and deduced as a result of their work, and which relates to the patient's health and privacy, including the content of the clinical record.

3. Being a physician does not authorize access to confidential information of a patient with whom there is no professional relationship.

4. In computerized healthcare institutions, medical managers shall ensure a clear separation between clinical... Continue reading "Medical Confidentiality: Patient Privacy Rules in Spanish Medical Ethics" »

Acertijo de Colores

Si tienes 3 equis y tienes 2, cada uno puede ser de otro color. Pero si tienes otros y hay 2 colores, al tercero se debería de repetir.

50 días; al día siguiente está cubierta la mitad.

• Pepe: ni 2 rojos ni amarillos.
• Ricardo: ni 2 rojos ni amarillo.
• Hugo: verde.

El Origen de la Filosofía

La palabra filosofía proviene del griego y significa literalmente «amigo o amante de la sabiduría».

Es tradicional situar el nacimiento de la filosofía en unas coordenadas espacio-temporales muy concretas: Mileto, siglo VI a. C. En ese momento y lugar, el ser humano observa lo que le rodea, maravillado y extrañado, pero por primera vez convencido de la existencia de una explicación racional capaz de desvelar el orden y el sentido oculto... Continue reading "Origen de la Filosofía, Percepción y Procesos Cognitivos" »

English Grammar

Conditional Sentences

1. Zero Conditional: Present Simple – Present Simple.
2. First Conditional: Present – Future (will).
3. Second Conditional: Past Simple – would + infinitive.
4. Third Conditional: Past Perfect (had + past participle) – would have + past participle (ed or 3rd column).

Wish

• Wish + Past Perfect (regret).
• Wish + Past Simple (unhappy about).
• Wish + could + base form (future desire).

Causative (Have/Get)

• He paints his shoes – He has his shoes painted.
• I will be cutting my hair – I will be having my hair cut.
• He had been decorating his room – You had been having your room decorated.
• The prince is having his portrait painted (by the painter).

Passive Voice

• I have made a cake – A cake has been made (by me).
• I had made a cake