Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

English Vocabulary and Grammar Essentials

Key Vocabulary for English Learners

Nouns and Their Meanings

• Background: Coneixement
• Blizzard: Tormenta
• Degrees: Graus
• Drought: Sequera
• Flood: Inundació
• Forecast: Pronòstic
• Heatwave: Onada de calor
• Humidity: Humitat
• Lightning: Llamp
• Path: Camí
• Rainfall: Pluja
• Forecaster: Meteoròlegs

Verbs and Their Meanings

• Avoid: Evitar
• Chase: Perseguir
• Gather: Reunir
• Melt: Fondre
• Run (a company): Dividir empresa
• Shiver: Tremolar
• Slip: Lliscar
• Strike: Colpejar
• Sweat: Suar
• Witness: Testimoniar

Adjectives and Their Meanings

• Chilly: Fred
• Deadly: Mortal
• Ordinary: Ordinari
• Overcast: Ennuvolat
• Skilled: Expert
• Slippery: Relliscós
• Soaking wet: Mullat (completament)

Common English Expressions

• Back and forth: Enrere i cap endavant
• Bitter cold: Fred gelat
• Bitter

English Grammar Practice: Translations, Tenses, and Passive Voice

Spanish to English Translations

Practice translating common Spanish phrases into correct English sentences. Pay attention to prepositions, articles, and verb forms.

• Hay muchos cines en el centro de la ciudad. There are many cinemas in the city center.
• ¿A qué hora llegaste a Madrid? What time did you arrive in Madrid?
• Andrés se fue a Francia ayer. Yesterday, Andres went to France.
• Normalmente no nos acostamos muy tarde. We usually don't go to bed very late.
• No están en casa. Se han ido al cine. They aren't at home. They have gone to the cinema.
• Era muy tarde cuando llegué a casa. It was very late when I got home.
• Normalmente llego a la oficina a las 8.15. I usually arrive at the office

Relative Clauses in English

Relative clauses are used to provide additional information about a noun. They are divided into two main types: defining and non-defining.

Defining Relative Clauses

These clauses provide essential information to identify the noun.

Non-Defining Relative Clauses

These clauses provide extra information... Continue reading "Mastering English Relative Clauses and Reported Speech" »

English Vocabulary for Espionage

• Spy (espía)
• Agent (agente)
• Secret Service (servicio secreto)
• Enemy (enemigo)
• Secret Message (mensaje secreto)
• Invisible Ink (tinta invisible)
• Catch Someone (atrapar a alguien)
• Break a Code (romper un código)
• Password (contraseña)
• Hack (piratear, entrar sin autorización)
• Gadgets (artilugios)
• Conceal (ocultar)
• Reveal (revelar)
• Term (término, palabra)
• Citizen (ciudadano)
• Shave (afeitarse)
• Search (buscar)
• No Matter How (no importa cómo)
• Capture (capturar)
• Ordinary (normal, común)
• Ancient (antiguo)
• Criminal (criminal)
• Yet (sin embargo, aún)
• For (para, por)
• Just (solo, justo)
• Several (varios)
• Never (nunca)
• Since (desde)
• Ever (alguna vez, siempre)
• Wait (esperar)
• See (ver)
• Eat (comer)
• Sell (vender)
• Arrive (llegar)
• Play (jugar, tocar)
• Award (premio,

Professional Roles and Business Terms

• Accountant: Contador
• Analyst: Analista
• Assistant: Asistente
• Consultant: Consultor
• Manager: Gerente
• Founder: Fundador (who starts a company)
• Partner: Socio (owner of a business)
• Set up: Establecer (start a company)

Industry and Technical Vocabulary

• Team: Equipo (group of people)
• Accounts: Cuentas
• Technical job: Técnico
• Engineering: Ingeniero
• Art: Artista
• Run a business: Ejecutor (responsible for)
• Banking: Banco
• Music: Músico
• Economics: Economía

Digital and Data Terminology

• Data: Datos (collect/analyze)
• Website: Sitio web
• Records: Archivo (keep/check)
• Click: Clic de ratón
• Details: Detalles (check/amend)
• Screen: Pantalla
• Information: Información (file/update)
• Research: Investigación (conduct/do)
• Online shopping: Compras online
• Keyword:

Let's delve into the concepts of morality and different ethical theories:

• Moral act: An example is paying taxes.
• Immoral act: An example is driving with excessive speed.
• Amoral act: An example is taking a nap.

What is Morality?

Morality concerns how individuals and their actions should be, along with the norms and values that society accepts. These norms and values may form a code of conduct or moral code.

Heteronomy Stage

Children initially act out of impulses or instincts. Soon, they internalize values and norms from family, school, and their own emotional experiences.

Stoicism and Epicureanism

• Stoicism: This philosophy posits that individuals must adapt themselves to the laws of the universe.
• Epicureanism: This philosophy states that the most important

Starting a Paragraph (Primer Párrafo)

At first sight

A primera vista

First

En primer lugar

First of all

Antes que nada

In the first place

En primer lugar

To start with

Para empezar

Sequencing Ideas (Second and Third Points)

In the second place

En segundo lugar

Second

Segundo

Secondly

En segundo lugar

Third

Tercero

Thirdly

En tercer lugar

Concluding and Finalizing Points

Finally

Por último

In conclusion

Para concluir

Lastly

Por último

And eventually

Y finalmente

Adding Information (Añadir Información)

Apart from

Aparte de

In addition

Además

In addition to

Además de

What’s more

Además; lo que es más

Moreover

Además

On top of that

Además

Besides

Además

On the one hand

Por una parte

On the other hand

Por otra parte

And eventually

Y finalmente

Establishing Contrast (Establecer un Contraste)

English Writing Connectors

Firstly, what I am going to write about is (not) very interesting for me. In fact, it is necessary in our world. In addition, however (sin embargo), in conclusion, a lot of time, unless (a menos que).

Passive Voice Construction

The passive voice involves three main steps:

• Step 1: The object becomes the subject. Use the verb to be (is/are for present, was/were for past, will be for future, are/is being for present continuous).
• Step 2: The main verb is always in the third column (past participle).
• Step 3: Use by to introduce the agent.

Conditional Sentences

• First Conditional: If + present + will (80% probability). Example: If you study, you will pass.
• Second Conditional: If + past (ed or 2nd column) + would. Example: If you

Essential English Irregular Verbs List

Mastering irregular verbs is a fundamental step in learning English. Below is a comprehensive list of common irregular verbs, including their past simple and past participle forms, along with their Spanish translations.

Common Irregular Verb Conjugations

• Hit, hit, hit: golpear
• Hold, held, held: mantener, sostener
• Hurt, hurt, hurt: herir/se
• Keep, kept, kept: guardar, conservar
• Kneel, knelt, knelt: arrodillarse
• Learn, learnt, learnt: aprender
• Leave, left, left: irse, dejar, abandonar
• Let, let, let: permitir, dejar
• Lie, lay, lain: echarse, acostarse
• Light, lit, lit: encender, iluminar
• Lose, lost, lost: perder/se
• Make, made, made: hacer, fabricar
• Mean, meant, meant: querer decir, significar
• Meet, met, met: encontrar, conocer