Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

Pregunta 1

A lo largo del siglo XVIII, la burguesía alemana coordina sus intereses con los principales sostenedores del ancien régime. El régimen político del despotismo ilustrado exhibía como consigna de sus aspiraciones políticas la de “el gobierno del pueblo, por el pueblo y para el pueblo”. El ascenso político del estado prusiano se consigue con los reinados de Federico Guillermo II, el “gran elector”, y Federico Guillermo III, rey de Prusia y también emperador de Alemania.

Con el despotismo ilustrado de Federico II se abre paso el temor al progreso económico y cultural de la población a través de reformas legislativas e instituciones educativas. En la cultura europea, la ilustración acrecienta y renueva muchas ideas anteriores... Continue reading "Filosofía Moderna, Ilustración y Pensamiento de Kant" »

Crime and Punishment

• Crime doesn't pay - El que la hace la paga
• Shape - Forma
• Turn up - Aparecer/aumentar
• Gaze - Mirar
• Raise - Levantar
• Unfolded - Desdoblado
• Barely - Apenas
• Appointment - Cita
• Hand - Dar
• Lost track of - Pista perdida de
• Lean on - Apoyarse
• Scar - Cicatriz
• Steady - Estable
• Reassure - Asegurar
• Brought up - Levantar/mencionar
• Are going on
• Turn in
• Gave away
• Put down
• Back up
• Take out
• Mugger - Agresor
• Con artist - Estafador
• Pickpocket - Carterista
• Shoplifter - Ladrón
• Get caught - Quedar atrapado
• Let off - Dejar ir
• Proof - Prueba
• Safeguard - Salvaguardar
• Fine - Multa
• Gets away with - Salirse con la suya
• Guilty - Culpable
• Trial - Juicio
• Valuables - Objetos de valor
• Ran off with - Escapar
• Breaking into - Entrar ilegal

Money and Finance

• Cost an arm and a leg - Cuesta demasiado
• Well

Modal Verbs in English

1. Expressing Possibility

a) Can

Used to express the ability or possibility of doing something in the present tense.

Examples:

• I can speak English.
• You can smoke here.
• You can come now if you want.

b) May

Used to indicate possibility in the present or future. The situation is more likely to happen than with 'might'.

Examples:

• He may arrive (it's possible he will arrive).
• I may go to the mall (I am considering going to the mall).

c) Might

Used to express prediction or possibility in the present or future, but less certain than 'may'.

Examples:

• In the future, employees might not retire at the age of 65.

2. Expressing Obligation and Advice

a) Should

Used to give advice or make suggestions.

Examples:

• You should visit your friend. He is sick.
• You

Mastering Reported Speech in English

When transforming direct speech into reported (indirect) speech, several changes occur, primarily affecting verb tenses, pronouns, and time/place expressions. Here's a breakdown of common transformations:

Verb Tense Changes

• Present Simple: like → liked
• Present Continuous: am living → was living
• Past Simple: bought → had bought
• Past Continuous: was walking → had been walking
• Present Perfect: haven't seen → hadn't seen
• Past Perfect: had taken → had taken (no change)
• Future Simple (will): will → would
• Conditional (would): would → would (no change)
• Modal (can): can → could
• Modal (could): could → could (no change)
• Modal (shall): shall → would
• Modal (should): should → should (no change)
• Modal (may / might)

La casa de Bernarda: se estrenó en Buenos Aires en 1935. Es un drama de ambiente femenino y rural. Basado en sus recuerdos de Asquerosa, la vecina Fresquita Alba, que tiene un carácter enérgico. Pepico el de Rocua era José Benavides (PR), que vivía en Rouilla (un pueblo).

El marido de Prudencia nunca sale por la puerta (lo hacía un paisano de Federico). El traje verde A. (prima de F).

Conflicto: Psicológico y emocional, que se va desarrollando de forma subterránea y que aflorará violentamente, rompiendo la fachada de normalidad y honestidad de la familia Alba.

Acto I: Ha muerto el segundo marido de Bernarda y, finalizado el velatorio, impone un severo luto de 8 años a sus 5 hijas solteras. Angustias es hija primogénita del primer marido,... Continue reading "La casa de Bernarda Alba: Temas, Personajes y Simbolismo en la Obra de Lorca" »

To Be

Present Past

I am (yo soy) I was (yo era)

You are (usted está) You were (usted estaba)

He is (él es) He was (él era)

She is (ella es) She was (ella era)

It is (eso es) It was (eso era)

We are (nosotros somos) We were (nosotros éramos)

They are (ellos son) They were (ellos eran)

To be (past) + verb (ing)

• Present Simple

- Affirmative: Personal Pronoun + Verb

Personal Pronoun + Verb + -s (3rd person singular)

- Negative: Personal Pronoun + do/hacer (does/hace) + not + Verb

Am and are = do; is = does

- Interrogative: Do/Does + Personal Pronoun + Verb?

• Past Simple

- Affirmative: Personal Pronoun + Verb (-ed or irregular)

Examples of irregular verbs: blow/blew, forget/forgot, understand/understood, tell/told, run/

About Myself

(Sent by Andrés Eloy, a student from Caracas, Venezuela)

Hi, I'm a student. My name is Andrés. I like studying a lot, but I don't like studying mathematics because it's so hard or difficult. My friends say that I'm boring, but nobody can change that; this is my way.

My hobby is playing baseball. I love playing it because it's very interesting. Since I was a child, I have watched that sport on TV. I love it.

I'm a good person, I guess. Thanks for everything. Bye.

Sobre mí

(Enviado por Andrés Eloy, estudiante de Caracas, Venezuela)

Hola, soy un estudiante. Me llamo Andrés. Me gusta estudiar mucho, pero no me gusta estudiar matemáticas porque es difícil. Mis amigos dicen que soy aburrido, pero nadie puede cambiar eso; esta es mi manera.... Continue reading "Student Personal Stories and Reflections" »

Reported Speech: Rules and Examples

Statements (Enunciativas)

Direct: "I'm exhausted."
Reported: He said he was exhausted.

Questions (Preguntas)

Yes/No Questions

Direct: "Do you live in Malaga?"
Reported: He asked me if I lived in Malaga.

Wh- Questions

Direct: "Where do you go?"
Reported: He asked me where I went.

Commands (Órdenes)

Direct: "Don't talk," she said to him.
Reported: She told him not to talk.

Suggestions (Sugerencias)

Direct: Ellie: "Let's watch a comedy."
Reported Options:

• Ellie suggested watching a comedy.
• Ellie suggested that we watch a comedy.
• Structure: suggest + verb-ing or suggest + that + subject + verb.
• Ellie suggested we should watch a comedy.

Tense and Time Transformations

When converting to reported speech, tenses and time expressions... Continue reading "English Reported Speech and Professional Vocabulary Mastery" »

1. Career Roles and General Vocabulary

Job Titles and Professional Roles

Chief Accountant

Computer Programmer

Customer Service Clerk

(Atención al cliente)

Financial Director

Head of IT

Head of Research and Development

Human Resources Director

(Director de RR. HH.)

Junior Administrative Assistant

Laboratory Technician

Managing Director

Sales Representative

(Representante de ventas)

Miscellaneous Terms and Verbs

Vote

(Votar)

Sweetener

(Edulcorante)

Teaspoon

(Cucharilla)

Greet

(Saludar)

Offer

(Ofrecer)

Show

(Enseñar)

Take

(Coger)

Appointment

(Cita)

Career

(Carrera)

2. Office Locations and Directions

Building Areas and Locations

Car Park

(Aparcamiento)

Conference Room

Ground Floor

Lift

(Ascensor)

Lobby

(Vestíbulo)

Maintenance Department

(Mantenimiento)

Stairs

(Escalera)

Stockroom

(Almacén)

¿Qué es un ESB y su Historia?

ESB: Sistema de mensajería empresarial que se encarga del intercambio de mensajes en formato XML. Estos mensajes pueden ser redirigidos y transformados de manera inteligente a través del bus.

Historia:

• Integración de aplicaciones (EAI): Necesidad de integrar los sistemas independientes ERP y otros.
• Implementaban una topología en estrella, con adaptadores que fueron mutando a buses.

Arquitectura para Servicios Web: SOAP y REST

En el momento en que decidimos desarrollar nuestros servicios web, tenemos que tomar la decisión de qué arquitectura será la más apropiada para nuestro sistema y el uso que vayamos a darle. A continuación, se presentan las características de SOAP y REST, dos técnicas de arquitectura... Continue reading "Diferencias Clave entre SOAP y REST en Web Services" »