Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

Irregular English Verbs: Pronunciation & Spanish

This list presents irregular English verbs with pronunciation (IPA), past forms, past participles and Spanish meanings. All original entries have been corrected for spelling, punctuation and capitalization.

be /biː/

Past: was /wɒz/ ; were /wɜːr/ — Past participle: been /biːn/ — Spanish: ser, estar

beat /biːt/

Past: beat /biːt/ — Past participle: beaten /ˈbiːtən/ — Spanish: golpear

become /bɪˈkʌm/

Past: became /bɪˈkeɪm/ — Past participle: become /bɪˈkʌm/ — Spanish: llegar a ser

begin /bɪˈɡɪn/

Past: began /bɪˈɡæn/ — Past participle: begun /bɪˈɡʌn/ — Spanish: empezar

bend /bend/

Past: bent /bent/ — Past participle: bent /bent/ — Spanish: doblar(se)

bet

Relative Clauses

Defining vs. Non-Defining

• **Defining relative clauses** (no commas): Provide essential information to identify the noun.
• **Non-defining relative clauses** (commas): Add extra, non-essential information.

Types of Relative Clauses

• People: *who* and *that*
• Things: *which* and *that*
• Places: *where*
• Times: *when*
• Possession: *whose*

Formal vs. Informal Structure

• **Formal:** The preposition precedes the relative pronoun, and *whom* is used instead of *who*.
• **Informal:** The preposition follows the verb.

Connectors

• **Addition:** *also*, *in addition*, *as well as*, *besides*
• **Contrast:** *but*, *however*, *although*, *while*, *even though*
• **Others:** *in conclusion*, *it is important to*, *in my opinion*

Verb Tenses and Forms

• **Stative verbs**

Sustainable Waste Management: Reducing Pollution

Taking care of the environment is crucial for the future of the planet. A fundamental way to contribute is by managing the waste we produce more effectively. By reducing the amount of trash and handling it properly, we can prevent pollution and significantly improve our quality of life.

Encouraging Recycling and Reuse Strategies

Recycling and reusing are simple yet highly effective methods for waste reduction. Key strategies include:

• Governments and businesses should create robust programs to separate materials such as plastic, paper, and glass.
• Placing recycling bins in accessible locations.
• Offering incentives to encourage broader public participation.

Furthermore, reusing items like clothing or furniture... Continue reading "Essential Knowledge: Sustainability Practices and Human Anatomy" »

Essential Vocabulary: Clothes and Accessories

• Accessory — Accesorio
• Casual / Formal — Informal / Formal
• Baggy — Ancho
• Chunky — Fornido / Grueso
• Fitted — Ajustado
• Smart / Elegant — Elegante
• Flip-flop / High-heels — Chanclas / Tacones altos
• Loose-fitting — Suelto
• High-waisted / Low-waisted — Cintura alta / baja
• Plain — Liso
• Striped — A rayas
• Spotted — A puntos
• Patterned — Estampado
• Stylish — Estiloso
• Tattoo / Piercing — Tatuaje / Piercing
• Hairdo — Peinado
• Sportswear — Ropa de deporte
• Suit / Dress — Traje / Vestido
• Jeans — Vaqueros
• Leather jacket — Chaqueta de cuero
• Trend — Tendencia

Common English Collocations

• Do business — Hacer negocios
• Do damage — Hacer daño
• Do research — Hacer investigación
• Do someone a favour —

Common English Idioms

• Break the ice: Romper el hielo
• Break a promise: Romper una promesa
• Break a record: Batir un récord
• Break someone's heart: Romper el corazón a alguien
• Break the law: Infringir la ley
• Break the news: Dar la noticia
• Break a habit: Dejar un hábito
• Speak one's mind: Hablar claro
• Like talking to a wall: Como hablarle a la pared
• Straight from the horse's mouth: De primera mano
• Don't breathe a word: No decir ni una palabra
• Get a word in edgeways: Decir apenas algo
• I'm all ears: Soy todo oídos
• Beat about the bush: Andarse con rodeos

Essential Phrasal Verbs

Stand

• Stand by: Apoyar
• Stand up to: Hacer frente
• Stand up: Levantarse
• Stand in for: Sustituir
• Stand for: Significar
• Stand out: Destacar

Come

• Come round: Venir a visitar
• Come through: Sobrevivir
• Come

English Grammar & Vocabulary Essentials

Conditional Expressions and Modals

Conditional Conjunctions

• As long as / Providing that (Únicamente si; 1º y 2º condicional)
• Unless (A menos que)
• Even if (Aunque)
• If only (Ojalá)

Perfect Modal Verbs

• Might / May / Could have + Past Participle (Algo que era posible en el pasado)
• Could have + Past Participle (Alternativa posible en el pasado)
• Must have + Past Participle (Certeza o deducción lógica en el pasado)
• Can't have + Past Participle (Algo era imposible en el pasado)
• Should have + Past Participle (Opinión sobre el pasado, ahora es tarde)
• Shouldn't have + Past Participle (Arrepentimiento o crítica sobre el pasado)

Other Modal Structures

• Had better + Infinitive or Had better not + Infinitive (Amenaza)

Common

Essential Vocabulary for Appearance and Film

• Gorgeous (maravilloso)
• Appearance (apariencia)
• Unappealing (poco atractivo)
• Figure (figura)
• Flawless (perfecto)
• Bald (calvo)
• Bushy (espeso (pelo))
• Lips (labios)
• Eyebrows (cejas)
• Wrinkles (arrugas)
• Forehead (frente)
• Lose Weight (perder peso)
• Gain Weight (ganar peso)
• Get away from (alejarse de)
• Wonder (preguntarse)
• Hire (contratar, alquilar)
• Role (papel a jugar)
• Waist (cintura)
• Features (características)
• Succeed (triunfar, tener éxito)
• Appearances (apariencias, aspecto físico)
• Difficult (difícil)
• Interesting (interesante)
• Healthy (saludable/sano)
• Old (viejo)
• Appealing (atractivo)
• Useful (útil)
• Popular (popular)
• Cheap (barato)
• Good (bueno)
• Dangerous (peligroso)
• Critic (crítico / crítica)
• Genre (género)
• Take Over (encargarse

Vocabulary

• Accent - acento
• Citizenship - nacionalidad
• Demand - exigir, requerir
• Law - ley
• Citizens - ciudadano
• Force - obligar
• Government - gobierno
• Proposal - propuesta
• Prove - demostrar
• Typical - típico
• Trendy - de moda
• Quiet - tranquilo
• Noisy - ruidoso
• Appearance - aspecto físico
• Painful - doloroso
• Hardship - problema
• Aware - consciente
• Light-skinned - piel clara
• Tease - burlarse
• Lucky break - suerte
• Pretty curly - bonito rizado
• Good looking - guapo

Text Analysis

Redefining British Culture

True or False:

1. True (lines 1-2)
2. False (lines 5-6)
3. True (lines 8, 9, 10)
4. False (lines 11)
5. False (lines 14)

Inner Beauty: Can We Really See It?

1. People sometimes judge others based on their physical appearance.
2. 1. b
   2. a
3. 1. She experienced being judged.
   2. Because of how she looked.
   3. He is able to see

*UNIT.5: *Vocabulary: Paint (pintar), Draw (dibujar), Sketch (boceto), Sculpt (escultura), Sew (coser), Decorate (decorar), Create (crear), Recycle (reciclar), Display (exponer), Portrait (retrato), Exhibition (exhibición), Masterpiece (obra maestra), Wood (madera), Glass (cristal), Cloth (tela), Dress (vestido/vestirse), Write (escribir), Fortunately (afortunadamente), Possible (posible), Expensive (caro), Hear (oir), Start (empezar), Close (cerrar), Eat (comer), Travel (viajar), Incident (hecho), Discard (tirar la basura). *Words To Know.1: Obviously (obviamente), Wrapping (envoltorio), Host (ofrecer), Supposed (suponer (que)), Worth (merecer la pena), Spot (reconocer). *Words To Know.2: Waste (desperdiciar/residuo), Hubcap (tapacubos),... Continue reading "Lengu te,a" »

Essential Entertainment and Show Business Vocabulary

Key Nouns and Concepts

• Atmosphere: ambiente
• Award: premio
• Costume: vestuario
• Flop: fracaso
• Gossip column: columna de cotilleos
• Interval: intervalo
• Lighting: iluminación
• Review: crítica
• Role model: modelo a seguir
• Trendsetter: iniciador de una moda
• Venue: lugar

Action Verbs in Entertainment

• Boo: abuchear
• Cheer: aclamar
• Clap: aplaudir
• Encourage: animar
• Launch: lanzar
• Loathe: detestar
• Rehearse: ensayar
• Worship: adorar

Descriptive Adjectives

• Controversial: contradictorio
• Disgraceful: desagradable
• Disturbing: inquietante
• Gifted: dotado
• Moving: conmovedor
• Notorious: de mala fama
• Outrageous: extravagante
• Packed: lleno
• Prestigious: prestigioso
• Spoilt: consentido
• Stunning: guapísimo
• Wealthy: rico
• Weird: raro

Common Expressions and