Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

English Grammar & Vocabulary Essentials

Conditional Expressions and Modals

Conditional Conjunctions

• As long as / Providing that (Únicamente si; 1º y 2º condicional)
• Unless (A menos que)
• Even if (Aunque)
• If only (Ojalá)

Perfect Modal Verbs

• Might / May / Could have + Past Participle (Algo que era posible en el pasado)
• Could have + Past Participle (Alternativa posible en el pasado)
• Must have + Past Participle (Certeza o deducción lógica en el pasado)
• Can't have + Past Participle (Algo era imposible en el pasado)
• Should have + Past Participle (Opinión sobre el pasado, ahora es tarde)
• Shouldn't have + Past Participle (Arrepentimiento o crítica sobre el pasado)

Other Modal Structures

• Had better + Infinitive or Had better not + Infinitive (Amenaza)

Common

Vocabulary

• Accent - acento
• Citizenship - nacionalidad
• Demand - exigir, requerir
• Law - ley
• Citizens - ciudadano
• Force - obligar
• Government - gobierno
• Proposal - propuesta
• Prove - demostrar
• Typical - típico
• Trendy - de moda
• Quiet - tranquilo
• Noisy - ruidoso
• Appearance - aspecto físico
• Painful - doloroso
• Hardship - problema
• Aware - consciente
• Light-skinned - piel clara
• Tease - burlarse
• Lucky break - suerte
• Pretty curly - bonito rizado
• Good looking - guapo

Text Analysis

Redefining British Culture

True or False:

1. True (lines 1-2)
2. False (lines 5-6)
3. True (lines 8, 9, 10)
4. False (lines 11)
5. False (lines 14)

Inner Beauty: Can We Really See It?

1. People sometimes judge others based on their physical appearance.
2. 1. b
   2. a
3. 1. She experienced being judged.
   2. Because of how she looked.
   3. He is able to see

*UNIT.5: *Vocabulary: Paint (pintar), Draw (dibujar), Sketch (boceto), Sculpt (escultura), Sew (coser), Decorate (decorar), Create (crear), Recycle (reciclar), Display (exponer), Portrait (retrato), Exhibition (exhibición), Masterpiece (obra maestra), Wood (madera), Glass (cristal), Cloth (tela), Dress (vestido/vestirse), Write (escribir), Fortunately (afortunadamente), Possible (posible), Expensive (caro), Hear (oir), Start (empezar), Close (cerrar), Eat (comer), Travel (viajar), Incident (hecho), Discard (tirar la basura). *Words To Know.1: Obviously (obviamente), Wrapping (envoltorio), Host (ofrecer), Supposed (suponer (que)), Worth (merecer la pena), Spot (reconocer). *Words To Know.2: Waste (desperdiciar/residuo), Hubcap (tapacubos),... Continue reading "Lengu te,a" »

Essential Entertainment and Show Business Vocabulary

Key Nouns and Concepts

• Atmosphere: ambiente
• Award: premio
• Costume: vestuario
• Flop: fracaso
• Gossip column: columna de cotilleos
• Interval: intervalo
• Lighting: iluminación
• Review: crítica
• Role model: modelo a seguir
• Trendsetter: iniciador de una moda
• Venue: lugar

Action Verbs in Entertainment

• Boo: abuchear
• Cheer: aclamar
• Clap: aplaudir
• Encourage: animar
• Launch: lanzar
• Loathe: detestar
• Rehearse: ensayar
• Worship: adorar

Descriptive Adjectives

• Controversial: contradictorio
• Disgraceful: desagradable
• Disturbing: inquietante
• Gifted: dotado
• Moving: conmovedor
• Notorious: de mala fama
• Outrageous: extravagante
• Packed: lleno
• Prestigious: prestigioso
• Spoilt: consentido
• Stunning: guapísimo
• Wealthy: rico
• Weird: raro

Common Expressions and

Essential Business & Marketing Terms (English-Spanish)

• Advertising Hype: despliegue publicitario
• Awareness: conciencia
• Challenger: competidor
• Endorsement: persona conocida (que apoya un producto)
• Launch: lanzamiento
• Leader: líder
• Placement: productos usados en películas (emplazamiento)
• Raise: elevar
• Range: gama
• Reliable: de confianza
• Segment: sector
• Share: cuota de mercado
• Stretching: extensión (de marca)
• Timeless: atemporal
• Upmarket: de lujo

Key Phrasal Verbs for Business Communication

• Be taken aback: sorprenderse
• Take off: crecer rápidamente
• Take on: emplear, asumir
• Take out: disponer, sacar
• Take over: tomar el control

Powerful Business Idioms & Their Meanings

• A level playing field: competencia leal
• A major player: persona importante, actor principal
• Ahead

Environmental Vocabulary

Smoke

Humo

Landfill

Vertedero

Toxic Waste

Residuos Tóxicos

Litter

Basura

Oil Spill

Chapapote

Exhaust Fumes

Tubos de Escape

Land Pollution

Tierra Contaminada

Pollutants

Contaminantes

Rubbish

Basura

Chemicals

Productos Químicos

Ecological Disaster

Desastre Ecológico

Deforestation

Deforestación

Damage

Dañar

Care About

Preocuparse

Harm

Dañar / Perjudicar

English Future Tenses

Future Simple

Affirmative

Subject + will + base form of the verb

Negative

Subject + will not / won't + base form of the verb

Interrogative

Will + subject + base form of the verb?

Uses

• To make predictions or announce future facts.
• To talk about a scheduled event.
• To express a sudden decision, something decided while speaking.

Be Going To

Affirmative

Subject + to be + going to + base form... Continue reading "Barcelona's Urban Dynamics: Language and Environmental Insights" »

Future Tenses in English Grammar

Understanding how to express future actions and predictions is crucial in English. Here's a breakdown of key future forms:

Future Continuous (Will be + -ing)

• Usage: Actions in progress at a specific time, duration, or interval in the future.
• Keywords: this time tomorrow, at 5 PM, for two hours, then.

Future Perfect (Will have + Past Participle)

• Usage: Actions completed before a specific moment in the future.
• Keywords: by this time, by then, by tomorrow, future adverb + perfect adverb.

Predictions and Certainty

Expressing predictions often involves specific verbs and adverbs:

• Verbs: think, believe, suppose, hope, know.
• Adverbs/Phrases: I'm sure, perhaps, probably, definitely.

Understanding English Modal Verbs

Modal verbs... Continue reading "English Grammar Essentials: Tenses, Modals, and Passive Voice" »

Clasificación de las palabras

Según su significado

• Sustantivos: nombran objetos, seres o ideas (ej. libro, árbol, bondad).
• Adjetivos: expresan cualidades (ej. pequeño, frondoso, verde).
• Verbos: establecen acciones, estados o procesos (ej. acompañar, ser, madurar).
• Adverbios: indican circunstancias de lugar, tiempo, modo, etc. (ej. aquí, ahora, lentamente).

Según su forma

• Variables: cambian su forma (ej. ciudad/ciudades, nadaba/nadábamos).
• Invariables: no cambian de forma (ej. por, pero, además).
• Simples: formadas por un solo monema (ej. agua, nube, y, por).
• Compuestas: formadas por más de un lexema (ej. lavaplatos, parachoques).
• Primitivas: no contienen ningún morfema derivativo (ej. casa, perro).
• Derivadas: contienen prefijos, infijos o sufijos

Informal Email/Letter Structure

Greeting: Hi Juanjo,

Sorry that I haven't been in touch for a while, but I've been ill. I had a temperature of 40ºC, so I've been in bed for five days. I'm feeling a bit better today, so I've been catching up on my emails.

How are you? What have you been doing? I hear everyone is fine. My mother is stressed with work and taking care of my brother Alix, which is just as naughty as ever. How is your family? I hope they're well.

[Invent something relevant to the topic here.]

Well, that's all for now. Please give my regards to your family. I hope to hear from you soon.

Take care,

SANDRA

Useful Expressions

• Sorry to hear about your exam results.
• Glad to hear that you're all well (Encantado de saber que estás bien).
• Good luck

Mastering English: Time, Word Building, and Connectors

Time Vocabulary and Expressions

Verbs related to time:

• Give: dar
• Have: tener
• Kill: matar
• Make up for: compensar
• Run out of: quedarse sin
• Save: guardar
• Spare: sobrante
• Take: tomar
• Take up: absorber
• Waste: perder

Prepositions of Time:

• At: en
• Before: antes
• By: por
• For: para
• From: desde
• In: dentro de
• Off: apagado
• On: sobre
• To: a

Common Time Expressions:

• With time to spare: con tiempo de sobra
• The whole time: todo el tiempo
• Time's up: se acabó el tiempo
• Short of time: poco tiempo
• I've got time on my hands: tengo el tiempo en mis manos
• For the time being: siendo por el momento
• A question of time: una cuestión de tiempo
• A long time ago: hace mucho tiempo
• There isn't much time left: no queda mucho tiempo
• The time next week: