Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Psychology and Sociology

Proposition:

Minimal unit of cognitive semantics; it is the equivalent of a statement, a statement being a sentence either affirmative or negative.

Utterance:

Is more a pragmatic form. It is an item of language produced by a real speaker in a real situation. Sometimes proposition and non-propositions are utterance.

Lexical meaning:

The meaning assigned to every word of the sentence.

Natural language:

A language that has developed naturally in use (as contrasted with an artificial language or computer code). The language of every human society.

Conceptualization:

Cognitive process automatically performed to make sense of the world/outer reality.

Categorization:

Basic cognitive function. Performed automatically and unconsciously as we interact with reality/... Continue reading "Cognitive Semantics and Language: Understanding the Basics" »

Personality: A Person's Pattern of Thinking, Feeling, and Acting

Type A and Type B Personalities

• Type A: Feel time pressure, easily angered, competitive and ambitious, work hard, more prone to heart disease.
• Type B: Relaxed and easygoing, work steadily, disregard physical or mental stress when they do not achieve.

Freud's Psychosexual Stage Theory

Freud believed that libido (psychosexual energy) moves to different parts of the body during different stages of development:

• Oral Stage (0-2 years): Sucking, mouth (drinking, eating, dependence, independence)
• Anal Stage (2 years): Bowel movements (orderly, stubborn/messy, wasteful)
• Phallic Stage (3-5 years): Play with genitals, feel attracted to the opposite parent
• Latent Stage (5 years to adolescence): Suppress

Passionate Love:

High densities of dopamine, NE but low levels of serotonin.

The Rational (Logical) view of management + (All 3 are rational)

1.Fredrick Taylor’s view (Specializing in a certain field): 1. Best way of doing a the job 2. no relationships built.

Introduction to OB

Organisational behaviour is more about individual and team

Human are easy to deceive

Intuition can be wrong

Organisational culture

Definition: It is the shared set of beliefs, expectations, values, norms, and work routines that influence how members of an organization relate to one another and work together to achieve organizational goals.

7 dimension of organizational culture

Innovation/Stability/Respect for people/Outcome orientation/Attention to detail/Team orientation/Aggressiveness

Variability in culture is low than the relationship between outcome and culture is clear

Importance of a strong organisational culture

Organisational identity (like sense of belonging)/Sense-making device/Collective commitment/Social system stability... Continue reading "Understanding Organisational Behaviour and Leadership" »

Emminent Giftedness and high achievement – beyond IQ Renzulli (2002) – intersection of three factors (intelligence, exceptional motivation, high creativity) Simonton (2001) – drudge theory; push themselves harder and benefit more from intensive practice

Winner says hard work may be a result of inborn ability; Gifted are more likely to find efforts rewarding and thus work harder

Cumulative deprivation hypothesis – children raised in substandard environments experience a gradual decline in IQ as they get older because other children will be progressing more rapidly

Studies of adopted children do show similarity to biological parents, but better environment does also have an effect on IQ

Exceptionally reliable – correlations into the .90s

Qualified

Adverse Impact

Unintentional discrimination against a protected group

Employee screening

is the process of reviewing information about jobapplicants to select individuals for jobs

Clinical Approach

Subjectively combining sources of information to the general impression of the hiring specalist

Least Valid Employee Screening Test

Handwriting Analysis

Reliablity

refers to the stability of a measure over time, or the consistency of the measure

Validity

refers to the accuracy of inferences or projections we draw from measurements.

Parrallel Forms

a method of establishing the reliability of a measurement instrument by correlating scores

on two different but equivalent versions of the same instrument

Concurrent validity

Judging by test scores

2 approaches to criterion... Continue reading "The best way to measure motivation" »

Bronfenbrenner: Social/Bio Ecological NO STAGES

The Russian Nesting Doll

Used in the classroom and everyday life

Ignores the roles of cognition and is hard to back up with research

Microsystem:

The people and objects in an individual's immediate environment

Mesosystem:

Connections between microsystems

Exosystem:

Social settings that a person may not experience firsthand but that still influence development

Macrosystem:

Consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources

Connected to Piaget

Piaget: Cognitive STAGES

Jaffa Cakes, water beaker, coins

Underestimating children abilities, impact of culture

Sensorimotor:

Birth to 2 years, during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

Preoperational:

2 to 7... Continue reading "Developmental Theories: A Comparison of Bronfenbrenner, Piaget, Vygotsky, Erikson, and Kohlberg" »

B/C:

●Major Complex problems

●Unpredictable

●Abstract

Controlling stress:

1. Exercise
2. Relaxation
3. Biofeedback
4. Social support
5. Drugs- including alcohol

1. 1. 1. What is leadership? How has it shifted from the old to new paradigm. 

      An influence relationship among leaders and followers who intend real changes and outcomes that reflect their shared purpose. The changes are from stabilizer to change manager. From Controller to facilitator. The shift is that effective leaders share power instead of hoarding it. The focus moves toward employees and more empathy. 

      2. How does the trait approach to leadership differ from the behavior approach? Give an example of each.

      The Trait approach bases its approach on characteristics such as intelligence. The idea is that people are already born with these traits or not. The behavior approach focuses less on traits and more on behaviors that leaders engage in and are these