Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Psychology and Sociology

substitution:

nominal: one`s

verbal: do/does/doesn't/don't

clausal: so

ellipsis

nominal: both (kids)

verbal: have you… yes, I have.

clausal: is he? He didn't tell me

Conjunction (cohesion device)

Adversative: however, on the other hand

Additive: and

Temporal: first, then

Causal: because(reason)

lexical cohesion

reiteration: repetition, synonym, superordinate (illness,pneumonia), general word 

reference

anaphoric (before) 

“this” (ideas/facts) demonstrative

“that” (objects/people) personal

“these/those” (comparative)

What Are Humans According to Bandura?

We will talk about this in the context of Zillmann's Mood Management theory, because it helps to understand what are the basic notions of Zillmann's theory. Zillmann was based on the premise that humans are hedonists, pleasure seekers. In Zillmann's and in the whole exposure research following him, the assumption was that people are hedonists. But if we look at the reasons why they do what they do, they should be more specific than saying they are looking for a pleasant state of mind. It would not be possible to explain people's use of media from which they suffer, if you assume that people are hedonists. With Bandura it is a different story. Bandura's model is a complex picture, a mix between environment,... Continue reading "Bandura's Model: Understanding Human Behavior and Observational Learning" »

A Composite Map of Social Class in the U.S.

The upper class
Wealthiest Americans earning more than $180,800 a year, owning large suburban homes, driving new luxury cars. Wealth comes from investment income (usually). About 5% of all American households.
The upper middle class
Well-off professionals, such as doctors, lawyers, professors, with incomes ranging from about $100,000 to about $180,000 or so. About 15% of all American households.
Lower Middle Class
Skilled services, office workers, skilled craftsmen, with household incomes from about $38,000 to about $100,000. About 40% of American households.
Working Class
Factory workers, mechanics, office workers, etc. About 20% of American households. Income from about $20,000 to $38,000.
The lower class
People... Continue reading "Social Class in the U.S.: Inequality, Mobility, and Gender" »

Emotions components§Feelings
§Cognitions §Actions James Lange theory  2 hypothesis: §Weaker Action/physiology =less emotion §Stronger Action/physiology =stronger emotion.Is physiological arousal sufficient for Emotions?. Mobiüs Syndrome (M.S.): condition Subjects unable to move facial muscles for smiling. § M.S. Subjects are able to experience happiness & joy. §autonomic Rather than muscular activity triggers affective components of emotions. Brain areas associated with emotion§Limbic system: areas of the forebrain Around the thalamus. Ways to study its Activity is by telling stories, showing picture or videos with varied Emotional content and measuring evoked responses in Electroencephalography (EEG) 
Functional magnetic

1- Why is background knowledge important in learning?

It is important because it helps (you) to comprehend new tasks and ideas for the new knowledge

How? connecting old & new information using retrieval.

2- Express the process of assimilation and give an example. (Piaget's Cognitive Constructivism)

Assimilation is the way by which INCOMING info is modified in our minds, so we can understand it.

E.G.  a) Student knows "will" is future ("She will play soccer") - here, the student needs to accomodate becauuse "may" is a possibility and "will" was certainty.

b) Once he/she has understood both (may & will), equilibration has taken place.

3- Explain what is ZPD (Vigotsky's Social Constructivism)

The distance between actual developmental level and

Cultural Dimensions of Spain

Power Distance

Power Distance refers to the extent to which individuals in a society accept and expect unequal distribution of power. Spain has a high score (57) on this dimension, indicating a hierarchical society where people accept a clear hierarchy without question.

Individualism

Individualist societies emphasize self-reliance and independence, while collectivist societies prioritize group loyalty and support. Spain is considered collectivist (score: 51), making Spaniards more comfortable interacting with non-European cultures and fostering teamwork in the workplace.

Masculinity

Masculine societies value competition, achievement, and success, while feminine societies prioritize caring and quality of life. Spain scores... Continue reading "Cultural Dimensions of Spain: A Comprehensive Analysis" »

Fear

A natural emotional response to a perceived threat or danger. It's a basic survival mechanism.

Phobia

An extreme and irrational fear of a specific object, situation, or activity. Phobias can cause significant distress and impact daily life.

Pathos

An appeal to emotions to persuade or convince an audience.

Logos

An appeal to logic or reason, using facts, evidence, and reasoning to support an argument.

Ethos

An appeal based on the credibility or character of the speaker, emphasizing trustworthiness and expertise.

Interpersonal

Relating to interactions and relationships between people.

Intrapersonal

Relating to introspection, self-awareness, and understanding oneself.

Confidence

Confidence is a belief in one's abilities, skills, and judgments. Difficulties... Continue reading "Understanding Fear, Phobias, and Communication Barriers" »

Major Depression in a Teenager

I will use psychotherapy which is frequently used in the treatment for childhood and adolescent depression. It helps people by helping them to understand the behavior and emotions that contribute to their issues and how to benefit from them, helping them to come out of the stress and mental blocks caused by traumatic events. The most important part is helping them to learn coping techniques and problem-solving skills. The advantages of this treatment are that there are fewer side effects, it develops skills to improve relationships, and it helps the patient to understand himself and his personal goals better. The most important disadvantages of this therapy are that it takes longer than drug therapy to produce... Continue reading "Effective Therapies for Teenage Mental Health Issues" »

WHAT ARE THE THINGS THAT DEFINE US AS HUMAN BEINGS?

COMPARE WITH OTHER LOOK BACKWARD LOOK AT THE

CREATURES, THEIR SENSES, AT THE DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT

ABILITIES AND MANIFESTATIONS OF SPECIFIC HUMAN TRAITS OF ARTIFICIAL

OF ANIMAL INTELLIGENCE. IN OUT DISTANT ANCESTRAL INTELLIGENCE.

PAST

ARTIFICIAL GENERAL INTELLIGENCE. IS THE COMPUTER THINKING?

TURING TEST CAN THE COMPUTER FOOL SOMEONE INTO

WHAT MAKES US HUMAN?

WHAT DO YOU THINK ARE SOME OF THE THINGS THAT MAKE US HUMAN? ARE WE DIFFERENT FROM OTHER ANIMALS? HOW DIFFERENT? IN WHAT WAYS?

TO HAVE THE CAPACITY TO COMMUNICATE, INTERACT, EXCHANGE THOUGHTS OR DIFFERENT POINTS OF VIEWS.

TO HAVE THE ABILITY TO SUBSIST BY WORKING AND CREATING NEW LINKS WITH PEOPLE.

WE ARE DIFFERENT BUT AT THE SAME TIME KIND THE... Continue reading "Human performance " »