History and Historiography

History is a term that relates to past events as well as the discovery, collection, organization, and presentation of information about these events. The term includes cosmic, geologic, and organic history, but it often generically implies human history. History can also refer to the academic discipline which uses a narrative to examine and analyze a sequence of past events and objectively determine the patterns of cause and effect that determine them.

Historiography

Historiography is the writing of history, especially the writing of history based on the critical examination of sources, the selection of particular details from authentic materials in those sources, and the synthesis of those details into a narrative that stands the test of critical examination. The term historiography also refers to the theory and history of historical writing.

Marxist Historiography

Marxist historiography, or historical materialist historiography, is a school of historiography influenced by Marxism. The chief tenets of Marxist historiography are the centrality of social class and economic constraints in determining historical outcomes. It has made contributions to the history of the working class, oppressed nationalities, and the methodology of history from below. It is generally deterministic, in that it posits a direction of history towards an end state of history as a classless human society.

Social History

Social history is a broad branch of history that studies the experiences of ordinary people in the past. In its golden age, it was a major growth field in the 1960s and 1970s.

Economic History

Economic history is the study of economic phenomena in the past. Analysis in economic history is undertaken using a combination of historical methods, statistical methods, and by applying economic theory to historical situations and institutions. The topic includes business history, financial history, and overlaps with areas of social history such as demographic history and labor history.

Relationship between Causes and Consequences of Historical Events

Human beings sedentary/human beings cultivators/human beings are able to nurture cattle...first settlements were created/increased amount of foodàimprovement of dietàimprovement of healthàlife experienceàpopulation growthàurban world developed social stratificationàfirst civilization (Mesopotamia)improvement of dietàappearance of surplusàpoverty was createdà(preservation/transportation)àdevelopment of commerce-tradingàurban world developed social stratificationàfirst civilization (Mesopotamia)

1) 2 Years of Primary

Shorter routine, fewer events/only one line of events/main purposeàto discover and understand the relationship between a cause and a consequence in a historical event

2) 2 Years of Primary

More events/more than one line of events but no relationship between them/purposesàto discover and understand that 2 causes can lead us to either one consequence or more than 1, and 2 consequences can come from either 1 cause or more than 1

3) 2 Years of Primary

More events/more than 2 lines/reciprocal relationships among different events from different lines.