Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Membership of the League of Nations

Key members included:

• France (1919-1945)
• Britain (1919-1945)
• Italy (1919-1937)
• Japan (1919-1933)
• Germany (1926-1933)
• USSR (1934-1939)

The USA never joined. The League had 42 members when it was first established. Key countries were not members (Germany and Austria, which were not initially invited to join), and the USSR was viewed with suspicion due to communism. In the USA, while President Woodrow Wilson wanted to join the League of Nations, many Americans opposed the idea.

The main members were France and Britain. Both countries were determined to avoid war, almost at any cost. Britain saw the League as a talking shop (where discussion dominated, but action was lacking). France wanted the League to enforce the terms... Continue reading "League of Nations: Members, Agencies, Crises, and Outcomes" »

Business Vocabulary and Phrases

Tema 9

a) Opportunities: increase competition, create unemployment, reduce poverty, exploit workers, widen the gap, mean lower prices, give large companies advantages, lead to environmental damage, promote higher standards.

b) Vocabulary:

• Free trade: the computer industry...
• Laissez-faire, transport companies... regulation
• France sees banking as a strategic industry
• In an open market... restrictions
• Since deregulation, prior to 2007... free port
• China’s... dumping
• The president... liberalise
• In the EU... barriers
• Some companies... subsidise

c) We are glad... order, without... protected, they have quoted, it is essential to have regulations, our usual meet, Kentroil market, it is useful to carry out.

Tema 10

a) She doesn’t.... Continue reading "Business Vocabulary and Phrases: Mastering Key Concepts" »

Annual disaster and its consequences This situation is aggravated by the military disaster of Annual (July 1921) in the Rif: 12,000 Spanish soldiers died. The leftist opposition demanded an investigation (file Picasso). Responsibilities involving political, military and the king himself. Given this critical situation, some guiding the army decided to intervene and take control of power. The master head genral of Catalonia in the coup that would end 47 years of operation of the Constitution of 1876.

Canalejas Liberal Party conducted a far-reaching political regeneration between 1910-1912, new labor laws, elimination of consumption tax, the Padlock Act (which limited the creation of new convents and religious institutions) and especially Recruitment... Continue reading "Disaster" »

Basque Foruak: History and Abolition

With the arrival of liberalism to power and its ideas of equality and centralism, the Foruak (Basque old laws) were in danger. This threat led the Basque Country to side with the Carlists. Ultimately, after losses in the First and Second Carlist Wars, the Foruak were abolished in 1876. In their place, the Concierto Económico (Economic Agreement) was granted to the Basque people.

The Foral Regime: A Shared Sovereignty System

The Foral regime represented a system of shared sovereignty that endured from the Middle Ages into the contemporary era. Maintaining the Foruak was considered a significant privilege, as these unique laws were preserved exclusively within the Basque Country. These privileges included specific... Continue reading "Basque Foruak & Spain's Bourbon Restoration Era" »

The Age of Revolutions in Europe

The political revolutions that took place brought the final end to absolute monarchy in Europe. Most of these revolutionary movements were based on liberal and nationalist ideologies.

Revolutions of the 1820s

The following revolutions took place in the 1820s:

• In Portugal and Spain, liberal revolutions aimed to establish constitutional monarchies.
• Greece won its independence from the Ottoman Empire through a liberal and nationalist revolution.

Revolutions of 1830

In 1830, other revolutions broke out:

• In France, a liberal revolution established a constitutional monarchy.
• In Belgium, a nationalist revolution gained independence from the Netherlands, to which Belgium had been united by the Congress of Vienna.

Revolutions

... Continue reading "19th Century European Revolutions and Unifications" »

Classification of Prayers

Main

Those propositions which are not introduced by a conjunction or link and have the verb in the indicative.

Juxtaposed

They are made by a comma (,) or semicolon (;) and have no conjunction, and the main clause has already been stated.

Coordinates

They can be:

• Copulative: Links: y, e, or que.
• Dilemma: Nexus: o, u, and, well, that is, pray.
• Adversative: Links: but, but, however, but, however, but nevertheless, but ... that, but.
• Distributive: Links: o. .. . O, u. .. u, and ... and, well .. well, whatever ... . That is, now .... now, - (These are repeats of the disjunctive).
• Explanatory: Nexus: that is, that is, that is.

Subordinated

Can be:

Adverbial Subordinate

• Temporary: Nexus: when, before, after, while, provided that, as soon

... Continue reading "Classification of Prayers and Their Functions" »

Mikhail Gorbachev

Joined the CPSU in 1952 and, after a relatively rapid career in the bureaucracy, was appointed Communist Party Secretary General on March 11, 1985, following the death of his predecessor, Chernenko. He immediately launched his proposal to restructure and modernize the economy and Soviet society, known as perestroika. This reform process had an immediate consequence: the USSR was to limit its international commitments and increasing military spending, especially high since the Red Army was jammed into the war in Afghanistan. To that end, Gorbachev's doctrine of novomyshlenie or "new thinking" meant ending the long conflict between East and West and pursuing standardization. During a time when international relations were marked... Continue reading "Mikhail Gorbachev's Impact on Cold War and Soviet Dissolution" »

Topic: ANALYSIS AND VALUATION OF disentailed
Secularization is a legal change of the property related depreciation and circulating free passes.
The sale was upheld by the learned to remove the related assets or property held in dead "and revive the economy. The main confiscations were developed by the progressive liberals.
The sale is made in two phases:
1) by the state seizure of assets from "dead hand" that become national assets.
2) auction.

Background
The first agricultural measures are initiated in the reign of Charles III and continue to Godoy in the reign of Charles IV. Faced with the approach of the enlightened (disentail to reform, although slightly agricultural economics), arises from Godoy disentail to improve public finances.... Continue reading "Disentailments" »

The Decline of the Spanish Empire in Europe

Political and Military Challenges

During the reign of Philip III, the monarch did everything possible to bring peace to his dominions, signing peace with England and the Twelve Years' Truce with the Netherlands. The Netherlands, a territory which had declared itself independent the previous century, had not seen its secession accepted by Spain.

The end of the Twelve Years' Truce and Spain's participation in the Thirty Years' War in support of Austria marked the beginning of a long and arduous conflict. While successes were achieved in the Netherlands (notably the Surrender of Breda) and victories gained in the early stages of the Thirty Years' War, France's entry into this conflict would prove decisive,... Continue reading "Spanish Empire's Decline: 17th Century Habsburg Fall" »

Athenian Society in the 5th Century BC

In 5th century BC Athenian society, there were three distinct classes:

Citizens

This class was composed of free adult males who were children of Athenian parents during the time of Pericles (5th century BC). Citizens constituted the core of privileged people who possessed full political rights and were the only ones who could possess or acquire land in Attica.

In return, citizens were obliged to pay taxes, abide by and comply with all laws, and be mobilized for war. Among the citizens, there were significant differences in their wealth: first, members of noble families and then the townspeople formed by small farmers, traders, artisans, and sailors.

Metics

Metics means "cohabitation." Foreigners were free and... Continue reading "Athenian Society in the 5th Century BC: Citizens, Metics, and Slaves" »