Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

The Bourbon Dynasty in Spain and the War of Succession

The War of Spanish Succession (1700-1713)

Charles II died in 1700 appointing Philip of Bourbon as his successor. The other European countries did not accept Charles's will and the War of Spanish Succession began. This was an international conflict as well as an internal conflict.

Castile and France supported Philip V whereas the rest of European countries (Britain, the Dutch Republic, Portugal, and Austria) and the Crown of Aragon defended Archduke Charles of Habsburg.

Philip V defeated Valencia and Aragon in the battle of Almansa (1707) and took Catalonia in 1714 and Mallorca in 1715.

The international conflict changed when Charles of Habsburg became the German emperor and lost interest in... Continue reading "Bourbon Dynasty in Spain: War of Succession & 18th Century" »

The Early Modern Age: Defining Characteristics

The Early Modern Age spanned from the Fall of Constantinople in 1453 and concluded with the French Revolution in 1789. The transition from the previous era involved a slow, profound transformation across all levels: economic, social, political, and cultural.

Economic and Social Shifts

• Economic Changes: Significant growth occurred, marked by increased agricultural production, expansion of craftsmanship and trade, and the development of mercantile capitalism.
• Social Structure: The privileged estates remained the nobility and the clergy. However, the bourgeoisie gained considerable influence, particularly in urban centers.
• Urban Growth: Cities increased significantly in both number and size.

The Rise of

The League's Aims

The League of Nations was set up because President Wilson wanted this more than anything else.

He wanted the League to be a kind of ‘world parliament’, where nations would sort out their arguments.   He hoped this would stop wars.   But Wilson wanted to do more than just stop war; he wanted to make the world a better place.   He wanted the League to do things to improve people’s lives and jobs.   He wanted to improve public health, and to end slavery.

Wilson also hoped that the League would persuade the nations to agree to disarmament – to put down their weapons.   That would make war impossible.

Finally, Wilson thought that the League of Nations could enforce the Treaty of Versailles, and persuade... Continue reading "The main stages of cold war." »

Justinian and the Restoration of Roman Law

Justinian determined to restore the former glory of the empire by recovering the city of Rome. The lawyers he employed to compile the Corpus Juris Civilis came from the Eastern half of the Empire, and were Greek speakers.

Germanic Kingdoms and Roman Traditions

Germanic Tribes and Roman Influence

The major Germanic Tribes—Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Franks, and Burgundians—admired Roman traditions and were Christians.

Germanic peoples were ready to adapt many of the institutions with which they had come into contact; written law particularly impressed them. Many legal codes were written in Latin for Romans living under Germanic rule, such as the Edictum Theodorici, which also applied to Germans.

Legal Development

Neoclassicism:

1770-1830

Return to the rules of Classical Antiquity (Greece and Rome).

The discovery of Pompeii and Herculaneum helps to make Antiquity fashionable.

It is a severe style, containment in forms (wants to get away from the Baroque and Rococo).

Jacques-Louis David: he was a great neoclassicism painter. He paints historical themes but linking with the political reality of the moment. He’s the painter of the French State and of Napoleon

The Arcs of Triumph of Napoleon: 3

After winning the battle of Austerlitz, he promised his soldiers that they would enter Paris under a triumphal arch as in the Roman Empire1806-36: works of the Arc de Triomphe • Incorporates decoration on the military victories of France • 1807-09: works of the Arc... Continue reading "Neoclassicism and Urban Reform in Europe" »

Alexander Kerensky

Member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party and an active participant in the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet.

April Theses

Document published by Lenin stating there should be no support for the Provisional Government and advocating withdrawal from World War I.

Bolsheviks

Marxist revolutionary group led by Lenin that sought a socialist revolution and aimed to give power to the workers.

Communism

Economic and social system created by Karl Marx, proposing that everything produced is shared instead of being kept by the one who created it.

Dual Power

Term referring to the two governing bodies in Russia after the February Revolution: the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet.

Duma

National Russian parliament formed... Continue reading "Key Terms of the Russian Revolution" »

1)  circulation elements include the following:

d) all of the above ***

2)  The krak des chevalier castle was built by what Order of knights

       a)Hospitaller knights

3)Where did the crusader castles store their Water?  

      a)An Aqueduct

4)Which monastic church was a unique example of Romanesque Architecture?

    a) Cluny In Italy(france). ********** or St Peter’s Basilica  in Rome or Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano in rome

5)Name The monumental sculpture of a recumbent lion with the pharaoh. It is placed at The foot of the great pyramids at gizah.  

     b)The Sphinx

6)A hypostyle hall in the great temple at karnak Contains many columns with the following average diameter:

      a)12 foot diameter

7)A hypostyle hall

FUEROS AND LIBERALISM: CARLIST WARS AND PROCESS TO ABOLISH THE FUEROS (1833-1876)

The Foral Regime

Fueros were the old laws of Basque people at the beginning were oral, but then became to be written. Even though Basque Fueros were not the only ones, they lasted more than the others, until 1876. In addition, it must be said that each Basque territory had its own Fueros: Guipozcoa, Alava, Viscay, Lapurdi, Zuberoa and Navarre. This implied that each territory has its own government as well.

Characteristics:

• The institutions were the following ones:

  • Town Councils: there were the essential units of political organization. Citizens chose their mayors. Moreover, each council used to send its representative to the General Juntas.

  • General Juntas: their main

The French Revolution: Key Phases (1789–1815)

First Phase: Moderate Phase (1789–1791)

• Meeting of the Estate General.
• Fall of the Bastille.

Second Phase: Radical Phase (1792–1794)

• Execution of Louis XVI.
• Rise of Maximilien Robespierre.
• The Reign of Terror.
• The National Convention: This body, full of radicals, pursued a Republic, breaking away from the old ways (Monarchy) and separating from the Church.

Third Phase: Conservative Phase (1795–1799)

• Period of reaction against the violence of the revolution.
• Establishment of the Directory.
• The Directory structure included:
  • Legislative branch: Council of 500 and Council of Ancients.
  • Executive branch: A five-person Directory.

Fourth Phase: Napoleonic Phase (1799–1815)

• Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte: Transition

Does Oil Hinder Democracy?

The Research of Michael Ross

In 2001, UCLA Professor Michael Ross explored the intriguing question: Does oil hinder the development of democracy? He observed that while most wealthy nations are democratic, oil-rich countries often are not. This raises the question: What is the relationship between oil wealth and democratic governance?

Beyond Arab Oil: A Global Perspective

While some might point to Arab oil-producing nations as examples, it's important to consider countries like Mexico and Norway, which are both oil-rich and democratic. This suggests that the issue is more nuanced than simply the presence of oil. Could the problem lie in a country's dependence on a single source of income, such as oil or diamonds?

The Rentier