Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

Summary of the Berlin Crisis: In 1945, the Allies decided to split Germany into four zones of occupation. The capital, Berlin, was also split into four zones. The USSR took huge reparations from its zone in eastern Germany, but Britain, France, and America tried to improve conditions in their zones.

In June 1948, Britain, France, and America united their zones into a new country, West Germany. On 23 June 1948, they introduced a new currency, which they said would help trade.

The next day, Stalin cut off all rail and road links to West Berlin - the Berlin Blockade. The West saw this as an attempt to starve Berlin into surrender, so they decided to supply West Berlin by air.

The Berlin Blockade lasted 318 days. During this time, 275,000 planes transported... Continue reading "Understanding the Berlin Crisis of 1948: Key Events and Impacts" »

World War I: The Great War

Causes and Outbreak

World War I, known as the Great War in Britain, erupted in 1914 as a result of pre-existing alliances. The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo triggered a chain of events. Austria-Hungary invaded Serbia, prompting Russia to mobilize in Serbia's defense. Germany, in turn, declared war on Russia and France. Britain, bound by treaty to France, joined the conflict.

First Phase (June 1914)

Despite declaring war on Germany, France and Britain initially refrained from attacking. Germany seized the initiative, executing the Schlieffen Plan. They invaded Belgium, intending to bypass French defenses and capture Paris.

Second Phase (Early 1916 - End 1917)

The war entered a phase... Continue reading "World War I: A Comprehensive Overview of the Great War" »

Causes of the American Revolution

• Organize Great Britain's new North American empire
• Stabilize relations with Native North Americans
• Stabilize land purchases on the western frontier

Major Events

• England passes series of taxes and laws designed to make Colonies pay for war. Colonies do not like this. Events like the Boston Massacre, and Boston Tea Party occur to protest the policies that are aimed at America.
• American colonist exchange fire with British troops at Lexington.
• Declaration of Independence.
• Treaty of Ghent ends war.

Short and Long Term Consequences

• ESTABLISHED MORE RIGHTS FOR FIRST NATIONS
• Ended war between Indians and settlers
• Formed alliance with French.

The Royal Proclamation: Answer in full sentences

1) What are the key aspects of the Royal

The French Revolution of 1789

C 1789: A Revolution Breaks Out

The Bourbon Dynasty in Spain and the War of Succession

The War of Spanish Succession (1700-1713)

Charles II died in 1700 appointing Philip of Bourbon as his successor. The other European countries did not accept Charles's will and the War of Spanish Succession began. This was an international conflict as well as an internal conflict.

Castile and France supported Philip V whereas the rest of European countries (Britain, the Dutch Republic, Portugal, and Austria) and the Crown of Aragon defended Archduke Charles of Habsburg.

Philip V defeated Valencia and Aragon in the battle of Almansa (1707) and took Catalonia in 1714 and Mallorca in 1715.

The international conflict changed when Charles of Habsburg became the German emperor and lost interest in... Continue reading "Bourbon Dynasty in Spain: War of Succession & 18th Century" »

The League's Aims

The League of Nations was set up because President Wilson wanted this more than anything else.

He wanted the League to be a kind of ‘world parliament’, where nations would sort out their arguments.   He hoped this would stop wars.   But Wilson wanted to do more than just stop war; he wanted to make the world a better place.   He wanted the League to do things to improve people’s lives and jobs.   He wanted to improve public health, and to end slavery.

Wilson also hoped that the League would persuade the nations to agree to disarmament – to put down their weapons.   That would make war impossible.

Finally, Wilson thought that the League of Nations could enforce the Treaty of Versailles, and persuade... Continue reading "The main stages of cold war." »

Justinian and the Restoration of Roman Law

Justinian determined to restore the former glory of the empire by recovering the city of Rome. The lawyers he employed to compile the Corpus Juris Civilis came from the Eastern half of the Empire, and were Greek speakers.

Germanic Kingdoms and Roman Traditions

Germanic Tribes and Roman Influence

The major Germanic Tribes—Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Franks, and Burgundians—admired Roman traditions and were Christians.

Germanic peoples were ready to adapt many of the institutions with which they had come into contact; written law particularly impressed them. Many legal codes were written in Latin for Romans living under Germanic rule, such as the Edictum Theodorici, which also applied to Germans.

Legal Development

Neoclassicism:

1770-1830

Return to the rules of Classical Antiquity (Greece and Rome).

The discovery of Pompeii and Herculaneum helps to make Antiquity fashionable.

It is a severe style, containment in forms (wants to get away from the Baroque and Rococo).

Jacques-Louis David: he was a great neoclassicism painter. He paints historical themes but linking with the political reality of the moment. He’s the painter of the French State and of Napoleon

The Arcs of Triumph of Napoleon: 3

After winning the battle of Austerlitz, he promised his soldiers that they would enter Paris under a triumphal arch as in the Roman Empire1806-36: works of the Arc de Triomphe • Incorporates decoration on the military victories of France • 1807-09: works of the Arc... Continue reading "Neoclassicism and Urban Reform in Europe" »

Alexander Kerensky

Member of the Socialist Revolutionary Party and an active participant in the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet.

April Theses

Document published by Lenin stating there should be no support for the Provisional Government and advocating withdrawal from World War I.

Bolsheviks

Marxist revolutionary group led by Lenin that sought a socialist revolution and aimed to give power to the workers.

Communism

Economic and social system created by Karl Marx, proposing that everything produced is shared instead of being kept by the one who created it.

Dual Power

Term referring to the two governing bodies in Russia after the February Revolution: the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet.

Duma

National Russian parliament formed... Continue reading "Key Terms of the Russian Revolution" »

1)  circulation elements include the following:

d) all of the above ***

2)  The krak des chevalier castle was built by what Order of knights

       a)Hospitaller knights

3)Where did the crusader castles store their Water?  

      a)An Aqueduct

4)Which monastic church was a unique example of Romanesque Architecture?

    a) Cluny In Italy(france). ********** or St Peter’s Basilica  in Rome or Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano in rome

5)Name The monumental sculpture of a recumbent lion with the pharaoh. It is placed at The foot of the great pyramids at gizah.  

     b)The Sphinx

6)A hypostyle hall in the great temple at karnak Contains many columns with the following average diameter:

      a)12 foot diameter

7)A hypostyle hall