Key Concepts of the Ancient Regime and Enlightenment Era
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Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History
Rise of the Nazi Party and the Path to World War II
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The Rise of the National Socialist Party
Not believing Germany lost the war, he joined the National Socialist German Workers' Party. Their core ideology was based on three pillars:
- 1. Society has to be united to make Germany a great nation.
- 2. A totalitarian state: prioritizing the interest and the good of the state.
- 3. Aryans (the master race) vs. non-Aryans.
Their ideas were racist, anti-Semitic, nationalist, anti-communist, and anti-democratic. In November 1923, the Nazis launched the Beer Hall Putsch, and Hitler was arrested.
Consolidation of Power and the Enabling Acts
Later, the party was reorganized as a fanatical mass movement. The Nazis became the biggest party. In 1933, Hitler was named Chancellor. The first act was to use the burning of... Continue reading "Rise of the Nazi Party and the Path to World War II" »
FAmily matters
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9. Walter Scott, Ivanhoe (1819) -- This is the fragment of the book Ivanhoe, written by Walter Scott, a Scottish writer who
Belonged to the generation of the “Antiquarians”, that tried to rescue the heroic literary
Tradition of the past. This historical novel written in 1819 deals with events of the 12th
Century, a hundred years after the Norman conquest of England to the Saxons.
The Normans occupied England after the victory of William “the Conqueror” over
Saxon king Harold at the Battle of Hastings the 14th of October 1066, a date that marks
The beginning of the medieval period in England according to most historians. William’s
Successor Henry II started a new name for his dynasty: the Plantagenet. During the
Years when the story
... Continue reading "FAmily matters" »French Revolution History: Origins, Napoleon, and Liberalism
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Causes of the French Revolution
Taxation and the Third Estate
The Third Estate was the only estate that paid taxes, yet it could not afford to pay more. The privileged estates refused to pay them, and in 1789, the Estates-General were convoked by Louis XVI to change the system.
Harvest Failures
There were crop failures and severe winters in 1788 and 1789. The peasants and the urban poor were the main victims, affected by rising cereal prices, which left the Third Estate impoverished.
The American War of Independence
France was involved in the American War of Independence. While it resulted in a victory against Britain, it caused a new financial crisis due to the expenses of fighting abroad. The war significantly damaged the French economy.
French
... Continue reading "French Revolution History: Origins, Napoleon, and Liberalism" »The Cultural Legacy of the Feudal System: Pilgrimages and Crusades
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3, The cultural legacy of the feudal system: pilgrimages and crusades.
Routes of Pilgrimages
During the Middle Ages people didn't travel much. When they did travel, it was often for a religious reason: to go on a pilgrimage, or to fight in a crusade.
A pilgrimage was a journey to a place where a saint was buried, or where important relics were kept. The most important destinations for pilgrims were Jerusalem, Rome and Santiago de Compostela. Usually, people start this journey looking for help to their problems, because they wanted to see holy places or to pay for their sins (penance).
The routes of Pilgrimage were very important economical and cultural centres, where towns developed and the pilgrims helped to spread knowledge and trade across Europe.
Countries, Nationalities, and Languages Spoken List
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Countries, Nationalities, and Languages
This table provides a list of countries, their corresponding nationalities, and the languages spoken in each country.
| Country | Nationality | Language(s) |
|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | Afghan | Persian - Pashto |
| Argentina | Argentinian | Spanish |
| Australia | Australian | English |
| Belgium | Belgian | French / Flemish |
| Bolivia | Bolivian | Spanish |
| Brazil | Brazilian | Portuguese |
| Cambodia | Cambodian | Cambodian |
| Cameroon | Cameroonian | French / English |
| Canada | Canadian | English / French |
| Chile | Chilean | Spanish |
| China | Chinese | Chinese |
| Colombia * | Colombian | Spanish |
| Costa Rica | Costa Rican | Spanish |
| Cuba | Cuban | Spanish |
| Denmark | Danish | Danish |
| Dominican Republic | Dominican | Spanish |
| Ecuador | Ecuadorian | Spanish |
| Egypt | Egyptian | Arabic |
| El Salvador | Salvadorian | Spanish |
| England | English | English |
| Estonia | Estonian | Estonian |
| Ethiopia | Ethiopian | Amharic |
| Finland | Finnish | Finnish |
| France | French | French |
| Germany | German | German |
| Ghana | Ghanaian | English |
| Greece | Greek | Greek |
| Guatemala | Guatemalan | Spanish |
| Haiti | Haitian | French |
The Cold War: Origins, Key Conflicts, and Final Collapse
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The Cold War: A Global Political Rivalry
The Cold War was a political rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies that developed after World War II.
The conflict began after the surrender of Nazi Germany in 1945, when the alliance between the United States and Great Britain on one side and the Soviet Union on the other started to fall apart. The Soviet Union began to establish left-wing governments in the countries of Eastern Europe, determined to safeguard against Germany. The Americans and the British worried that Soviet domination in Eastern Europe might be permanent.
The Cold War was solidified by 1947–48, when U.S. aid brought certain Western countries under American influence and the Soviets established... Continue reading "The Cold War: Origins, Key Conflicts, and Final Collapse" »
Steps to war - aggression by japan, italy and germany 1931-1939
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Impressionism: Monet, Renoir, Degas, Rodin
Post-impressionism: Cézanne, Gaudin, Van Gogh
Fauvism: Matisse
Expressionism: Munch, Kirchner
Cubism: analytic or Synthetic. Picasso, Braque
The forms of colonial rule→ mayor imperialist power were GB and France. Soon joined by Germany, Italy, Russia, Belgium, Spain and US and Japan. Diverse forms of colonial rule: -concessions were commercial advantages, the transfer of ports and trade. -Protectors maintained their indigenous. -Governments, but the colonial strength-controlled policy, the army and exploitation of certain territories that were India and Egypt. -Colonies where territories under the sovereignty of such metropole. Position controlled strategic points. -Settler colonialism large scale settling... Continue reading "Steps to war - aggression by japan, italy and germany 1931-1939" »
Alfonso XIII's Reign: Spanish Political Turmoil and Colonial Issues
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Spain Under Alfonso XIII
Political Opposition
The Bourbon Restoration in Spain was characterized by alternating Liberal and Conservative governments. However, this system began to collapse due to internal divisions within both political parties. In addition, other parties were also gaining support:
- The Spanish Socialist Party (PSOE) argued for increased working-class access to power.
- Republican parties, such as the Radical Republican Party (PRR), argued for the abolition of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic.
- The Spanish Communist Party (PCE) argued for the creation of a Communist state similar to the USSR.
- Regionalist parties such as the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) and the Regionalist League of Catalonia (LRC) demanded more autonomy
The Russian Revolution: From Tsarist Autocracy to Communism
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The Russian Revolution
In 1917, the Russian Empire went through a revolutionary process which put an end to the autocratic government of Tsar Nicholas II.
Before the Revolution
In 1900, the Russian Empire had the following characteristics:
- The government was autocratic.
- The economy was semi-feudal.
- There was social unrest.
The Causes of the Revolution
During the rule of Tsar Nicholas II (1894-1917), his autocratic power decreased for various reasons:
- The Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905): Russia and Japan fought for control of Manchuria. The war was unpopular because new taxes were imposed in order to pay for the conflict.
- The appearance of political parties: Despite being forbidden, various political parties were created which opposed the Tsar.
- The 1905