Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of History

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afdas

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Causes of the first World War: -The Austro hungariam Empire and the Russian Empire competed for Control of the Balkans. -France wanted to recover the region of Alsace Lorraine, which it had lost to the German Empire. On 28 of June, 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assesinated and sent them an ultimatum and declared war on Serbia. Phases of the WW:-Initial German Offensives: Germany put the Schlieffen Plan into effect, this Consisted of launching a rapid offensive on the western front invading Belgium. -Trench Warfare: In this war focused on defending their positions, they built Trenches from where they could defend themselves using new weapons and they Used battleships and submarines in the Battle of Jutland. -Incorporation And withdrawal
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The main stages of cold war.

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The communist bloc
this block included countries from central and western europe. As of 1949, it was reinformed by the victory of the communists revolutions in china 1949 and cuba 1959 its influence was extended to asia 7vietnam north korea and africa7
the soviet union and peoples democracies 
the su became a military place after ww2 after the death of stalin in 1953, nikita iniciated astalinisation process but his successor staled.
people democracies were implemented in centraland eastern europe controlled by the su, wich imposed soviet institutions.

capitalist bloc 
spread of liberal democracy
during the 1980 the military dictatorships in europe disspeared
portugal 1974 carnation revolution
grece 1974
spain death of general Franco 1975
1973 economic
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Commonwealth Nations: Facts and Culture

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South Africa

  • Three Writers from South Africa: Nelson Mandela, Nadine Gordimer, John Maxwell Coetzee
  • Number of Official Languages in South Africa: 11
  • Johnny Clegg: South African musician
  • South African Independence: 1961
  • Helen Sebidi: South African artist
  • Leader in Diamond Production: South Africa

New Zealand

  • Two New Zealand Cities: Wellington, Auckland
  • New Zealand Population: 4.8 million
  • Jane Campion: New Zealand screenwriter, producer, director
  • Janet Frame: New Zealand author of short stories
  • New Zealand Flag Description: Blue with the Union Jack in the top left, four red stars on the right
  • "All Blacks": New Zealand national rugby team

Australia

  • Patrick White: Australian poet
  • Geoffrey Rush: Australian actor
  • Largest City in Australia: Sydney
  • Number of Indigenous
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Sunni and Shia Islam, Muslim Brotherhood, Balfour Declaration, Sykes-Picot Agreement, McMaon-Hussein Correspondence, Independence War of 1948, Yom-Kippur War, The Gulf, Suez Crisis, Eisenhower Doctrine

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Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam defends that the caliph is elected successor of the Prophet and succeeded to political and military leadership of the community but had only limited religious status.

Shia Islam

The leadership is placed on the Imam who had to be a direct descendant of Muhammad and Ali. The title was only appointed by God and he had both political power and an authoritative interpreter.

Muslim Brotherhood

It emerged in the Suez Canal, for it being the region with the strongest colonial presence. Founded by Hassan al-Banna, the movement called for the implementation of the Sharia law as a way to subvert European domination. They had developed an idea according to which the main enemies of Islam are the West or they developed later a doctrine

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Popular Front Program: A Path to Reform in Spain's Second Republic

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Popular Front Program

Introduction

This document analyzes the program of the Popular Front, a coalition of left-wing political parties in Spain's Second Republic. It addresses the program's objectives, the agreements and disagreements within the coalition, and the broader political context.

The Program's Objectives

The Popular Front aimed to win the elections and form a left-wing government to reinstate the reforms initiated during the Reformist Biennium (1931-33). The program outlined a common plan of action for the coalition parties.

Agreements and Disagreements

The coalition partners agreed on key issues, such as granting amnesty to political prisoners from the 1933 elections and restoring the principles of the 1931 Constitution. However, disagreements... Continue reading "Popular Front Program: A Path to Reform in Spain's Second Republic" »

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Race, Gender, and Power Dynamics in Colonial America

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European Colonization in America

Colonization is the act of dominating or conquering a country or territory. This domination can be political, military, or cultural in nature and can develop violently or peacefully. America, for instance, was colonized by various European countries, including France and England.

The English and French colonized America less for gold and more for reasons such as establishing a new life, distinct from their homeland. Typically, the English settlers stayed along the coast, while the French ventured into the forests to expand their commercial and religious frontiers.

Racism and Segregation in the Narrative

Mainly, it is important to differentiate between racism and segregation. Segregation consists of the separation... Continue reading "Race, Gender, and Power Dynamics in Colonial America" »

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sslic

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TENSION FACTORSPATRIOTISM: people were deeply patriotic and wanted their country to be the best. ARMS RACE: germany, russia,britain were bulding up lost of warships. WAR PLANTS: in 1914, the situation in Europe was tense, secret alliances and the desire to grow empires had built up a dangerous "climate of war". KAISER: germany had become very strong and its rivals were suspicious of their ruler, Wilhelm II. COLONIAL EMPIRES: some european countries, such as france and britain, had created large worldwide empires and had become very richOther european countries, such as russia and germany, wanted to create their own vast epires.This caused conpetition and conflict between many of the countries throughout  the world. ALLIANCES: In the years
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The Impact of Waterloo and the Holy Alliance on European History

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WATERLOO

Waterloo was fought on Sunday, 18 June 1815 near Waterloo in Belgium, part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands at the time. A French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition: a British-led allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Field Marshal Blücher. The battle marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars.

HOLY ALLIANCE

The Holy Alliance was a coalition linking the monarchist great powers of Russia, Austria, and Prussia. It was created after the final defeat of Napoleon at the behest of Tsar Alexander I of Russia and signed in Paris on 26 September 1815. The alliance aimed to restrain liberalism and secularism in Europe... Continue reading "The Impact of Waterloo and the Holy Alliance on European History" »

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Timeline of World War I and II: Key Events

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World War I: 1914

  • June 28: Archduke Franz Ferdinand, prince to the Austria-Hungary throne, is assassinated in Sarajevo by a Serbian named Gavrilo Princip.
  • July 23: Austria-Hungary makes demands on Serbia for retribution. Serbia does not meet demands.
  • July 28: Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia. Russia begins mobilizing its troops.
  • August 1: Germany declares war on Russia.
  • August 3: Germany declares war on France as part of the Schlieffen Plan.
  • August 4: Germany invades Belgium. Britain declares war on Germany.
  • August 23 to 30: The Battle of Tannenberg is fought between Germany and Russia. The Germans defeat the Russian Second Army.
  • September 5 to 12: The advancing German army is stopped before Paris by the British and French at the First Battle
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The Thirty Years' War and Absolutism in Europe

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             3. THE THIRTY YEARS WAR
Causes:  
  1. This war was caused because of the cinflict between Catholics and protestants in the Holy Roman Empire
  2. Gradually it developed into a more general conflict for Europe political dominance
The main problems of the war and the different participants:
  1. Protestants uprising in Bohemia: Some protestants nobles expelled the Cathilics and appointed a protestant kink in Bohemia. The emperor who was king of Bohemia too fought against them.
  2. Two sides were formed: 1. The emperor had the support of the German Catholics and the king os Spain and Portugal 2. The protestants allied with German but they were defeated
  3. Swedish participation: 1. After the Surrunder of Breda the German Catholic took the protestants
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