Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

Core Electrical Terminology and Definitions

This comprehensive glossary provides clear definitions for key terms used in electrical work, covering components, measurements, safety regulations, and professional qualifications.

A-C: Current, Components, and Connections

• AC (Alternating Current) (Abbreviation): Electrical current that periodically reverses direction.
• Adaptor (Noun): A device for connecting several electric plugs to one socket.
• Amp (Noun): The measure of electrical current (short for Ampere).
• Appliance (Noun): A device or piece of equipment designed for a specific task.
• Cable (Noun): Thick insulated wire used for the fixed wiring of electrical systems.
• Circuit (Noun): The complete path followed by electricity, usually along a wire.
• Conductor

... Continue reading "Essential Electrical Vocabulary: Definitions for Wiring and Safety" »

Reported Speech Tense Changes

• Present Simple (is) – Past Simple (was)
• Present Continuous (is living) – Past Continuous (was living)
• Past Simple (went) – Past Perfect Simple (had gone)
• Past Continuous (was working) – Past Perfect Continuous (had been working)
• Present Perfect Simple (have eaten) – Past Perfect Simple (had eaten)
• Present Perfect Continuous (have been studying) – Past Perfect Continuous (had been studying)
• Past Perfect Simple (had gone) – No change
• Past Perfect Continuous (had been dancing) – No change

Modal Verbs in Reported Speech

• Will – Would
• Can – Could
• Must – Had to
• Shall – Should
• May – Might/Could

Time and Place Expressions

• Today – That day
• Yesterday – The day before
• The day before yesterday – Two days before
• Tomorrow

... Continue reading "English Grammar: Reported Speech, Conditionals, and Phrasal Verbs" »

Camilo José Cela and the Post-War Narrative

The biggest challenge for Camilo José Cela was achieving a minimum of unity in a story that would overcome the lack of a traditional plot. He used a specific setting, the Café de Doña Rosa, where many characters converge, most notably Martín Marco. Following this work, he wrote countless novels, some more successful than others.

The Rural and Provincial World of Miguel Delibes

Focusing on rural life and the mentality of the middle classes in provincial capitals, Miguel Delibes (1920) wrote a series of novels characterized by simple plots and a sober style that incorporates many regional terms. These elements create characters as deep as they are human. Notable stories include:

• The Road (1950)
• Rats

... Continue reading "Spanish Post-War Literature and the Voice of Exile" »

Orden of adjectives: O(opinion), S(size), SH(shape), A(age), C(colour), O(origin).
____________________________________________________
FUTURE:
-Will: Predictions, opinions, spontaneous, decisions.
-Be going to: plans for the future, intention of future, predictions with evidence.
-Present continuous: Arrangements(preparativos), dates(fechas).
-Future continuous: S+WILL+BE+GERUND. Finished action in the future.
-Future perfect: S+WILL+HAVE+PAST PART. Completed action in the future
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Such...that / So...that:
Such + (a/an [singular]) + adjective + noun + that
It was such a cramped street that we couldn't walk.
So + adjective + that
The street was so cramped that we couldn't walk.

Conditional sentences:

First... Continue reading "Orden of adjectives, future, conditional sentences and wishes and regrets in English" »

The play begins with the death of Bernarda's husband. After the Mass for the dead, the whole town goes to the widow's house, where women enter the room who have previously prepared and cleaned the maids. While men are chatting in the courtyard.
Already in the house, Bernarda makes all the neighbors whispering with his comments on whether their daughters deserve to men of that town, then they all begin to pray.
When everyone leaves, Bernarda's daughters begin to talk about the legacy his father left them. The one that takes the best part is the eldest daughter, Sorrows. The other sisters discuss the fate of Sorrows, as well as the heritage, the handsome-looking boy of the village, wants to marry her.
Then Adela begins to mourn for them imposed... Continue reading "Book Summary: The House of Bernarda Alba" »

Simón Bolívar had assumed command of the Puerto Cabello Square on May 4, 1812. A month later, on 6 June, it fell to the royalists. Faced with this loss and after signing the capitulation, Bolivar got through to Curacao and then to New Granada. There, the government recognized the rank of colonel and allowed their participation in the Campaign of Magdalena. On December 15, 1812 wrote his first document sets out the causes which led to the loss of the First Republic and warns neogranadinos on the need to unite to defeat the enemy. These causes by Bolivar were:
1. The tolerance scheme followed by the Republican authorities to consider how weak and ineffectual. He criticized the attitude of the government of Venezuela against Coro, claiming

... Continue reading "Analysis of the Cartagena Manifesto" »

T Features The drama is one of the major literary genres. A conflict between one or more characters that are developed through diálogo.l theater receiver is presented in two ways: a) In one scenario, by action or entry scene obra.b) Through reading, as if it were a novel. This will lose items such as music, movement, etc.Así, this genre has the following basic features: • The rendering time is quite limited compared to the actual duration of the facts, so no can afford to delay. • The story line should capture the audience's attention throughout the performance. The most common resource to achieve this is to establish, from time to time, a high point or climax. • The theater is a mixture of linguistic and dramatic. The literary text

... Continue reading "Selectivity Theatre" »

Calculating Karl Pearson Correlation Coefficient

Question 11: Calculate the coefficient of correlation from the following data:

X	12	9	8	10	11	13	7
Y	14	8	6	9	11	12	3

To calculate Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation (r), we use the formula:

r = ∑dx·dy / √(∑dx² × ∑dy²)

Where:

• dx = X - X̄
• dy = Y - Ȳ

Step 1: Find the Means

First, calculate the mean of X (X̄) and Y (Ȳ):

X̄ = (12 + 9 + 8 + 10 + 11 + 13 + 7) / 7 = 70 / 7 = 10

Ȳ = (14 + 8 + 6 + 9 + 11 + 12 + 3) / 7 = 63 / 7 = 9

Step 2: Prepare the Calculation Table

X	Y	dx = X - 10	dy = Y - 9	dx2	dy2	dx·dy
12	14	2	5	4	25	10
9	8	-1	-1	1	1	1
8	6	-2	-3	4	9	6
10	9	0	0	0	0	0
11	11	1	2	1	4	2
13	12	3	3	9	9	9
7	3	-3	-6	9	36	18
Total				28	84	46

Step 3: Substitute into the Formula

Substitute the sums from the table into the correlation formula:

r = 46 / √(28 × 84)
r = 46... Continue reading "Correlation Coefficient, Regression, and Chebyshev's Theorem" »

Credit Risk Ratios and Liquidity Metrics

Short-Term Liquidity — Stock

• Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities (>1 is better)
• Quick Ratio = (Cash + Short-Term Investments + Receivables) / Current Liabilities
• Cash Ratio = (Cash + Short-Term Investments) / Current Liabilities

Short-Term Liquidity — Flow

• Cash Flow Ratio = Cash Flow from Operations / Current Liabilities
• Defensive Interval = (Cash + Short-Term Investments + Receivables) / Capital Expenditures × 365
• Cash Flow to Capital Expenditures = Unlevered Cash Flow from Operations / Capital Expenditures

Long-Term Solvency — Stock

• Debt to Assets = Total Debt / Total Assets
• Debt to Equity = Total Debt / Total Equity
• Long-Term Debt Ratio = Long-Term Debt / (Long-Term Debt + Equity)

Long-

... Continue reading "Financial Ratio Analysis and Credit Risk Formulas" »

Introduction to Statistical Learning

Key Notation

• Y: Response (dependent/output) variable - quantitative or qualitative
• X₁,...,Xₚ: Predictors (features/covariates/independent variables)
• p: Number of predictors
• n: Number of observations
• i: Subject index (i = 1,...,n)
• j: Variable index (j = 1,...,p)
• Data: (Yᵢ, Xᵢ), i = 1,...,n

Types of Learning

• Supervised learning: Have both Y and X (prediction or inference) - PRIMARY FOCUS
• Unsupervised learning: Have X but no Y

Model for Data

Yᵢ = f(Xᵢ) + εᵢ, i = 1,...,n
Assumptions: E(εᵢ) = 0, var(εᵢ) = σ², εᵢ are mutually independent
Properties: E(Yᵢ|Xᵢ) = f(Xᵢ), var(Yᵢ|Xᵢ) = σ²

Prediction vs Inference

Prediction	Inference
ˆY = ˆf(X)	Understand relationship between Y and X
ˆf can be black

... Continue reading "Statistical Learning and Linear Regression Essentials" »