Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

Divine Source: Human language is a gift from God. Language learning involves acquiring knowledge through formal instruction and conscious comprehension. Acquisition refers to non-conscious assimilation.

Natural Sound Source: Primitive words could have been imitations of the natural sounds that early men and women heard around them. Nature and animal sounds are the starting points of linguistic systems.

Social Interaction Source: Y0 - HE - HO (theory): Sound emerges after a physical effort. The development of human language occurs within a social context, highlighting the necessity to communicate with others.

Physical Adaptation Source: Human physical postures contribute to language. The vocal tract of gorillas and Neanderthals differs from that... Continue reading "Understanding the Origins and Features of Human Language" »

Medical Terminology and Health Concepts

Common Symptoms and Their Spanish Equivalents

• Anxiety (Ansiedad)
• Bloody Nose (Sangrado Nasal)
• Chills (Escalofrío)
• Cough (Tos)
• Diarrhea
• Dizziness (Mareos)
• Fatigue
• Fever
• High Blood Sugar (Azúcar Alto)
• High Cholesterol
• Hypothermia
• Loss of Appetite
• Nausea
• Nervousness
• Pain (Dolor)
• Palpitations
• Runny Nose (Moqueo)
• Sneezing (Estornudo)
• Sore Throat (Dolor de Garganta)
• Tiredness (Cansancio)
• Vomiting
• Watery Eyes
• Weakness (Debilidad)

Personal Care and First Aid Essentials

• Sanitary Towel
• Lip Balm
• Antiseptic
• Vaseline
• Cotton
• Plaster
• Aspirins
• Sunscreen
• Sticking Plaster
• Vitamins
• Toothpaste
• Bandage Rolls
• Nappies
• Beauty Cream
• Hand Sanitizer
• Oral Rinse
• Nasal Spray
• Lozenges
• Dental Floss
• Sling

Common Diseases and Medical Conditions

• Migraine
• Flu
• Rheumatism
• Hepatitis
• Diabetes
• Epilepsy
• Pharyngitis
• Salmonellosis
• Otitis

Face Masks and the Pandemic

Let's analyze some statements about face masks and their relation to the pandemic:

1. According to some, wearing a face mask can be beneficial. True (if we accept what some authors claim).
2. Distress has increased during the pandemic, acting as an alarm system. True (during the pandemic, distress has acted as an alarm system).
3. Taking off masks is recommended for everyone. False (those with certain conditions should avoid wearing masks in closed spaces).
4. If we continue wearing masks, we might appreciate the gift of living more. True (beyond the pandemic, masks might help us appreciate the gift of living).

Vocabulary: Synonyms

• Saying hello - greeting
• Anxiety, agony - distress
• Continue - remain
• Afflictions, dysfunctions - disorders

Grammar:

Mastering Auxiliary and Modal Verbs

Auxiliary verbs and modal verbs are crucial for expressing various nuances in English. Here's a breakdown of common modals and their uses:

Can

Expresses ability or permission.

• I can do it. (Ability: I am able to do it.)
• Can I do it? (Permission: Am I allowed to do it?)

Could

Expresses past ability, possibility, or polite requests.

• I couldn't see it. (Past inability: I was unable to see it.)
• Could you come? (Polite request: Would you be able to come?)

Will

Indicates future actions or intentions.

• I will work next week.
• You won't tell her. (Will not)
• Where will we go after dinner?

Would

Indicates conditional actions or polite requests.

• Would you do it if I told you?
• I wouldn't go anywhere. (Would not)

Should

Expresses advice or... Continue reading "Essential English Grammar: Modals, Email Communication, and Question Types" »

International Trade Glossary

Shipping and Logistics

Cargo

Port of Discharge

Port of Origin

Compete

Consignee

Quote

Contact

Rates

Container Terminal

Reliable

Free of Charge

Shipper

Free of Damage

Unload

Freight Container

Vessel

Guarantee

Volume

Load

Worldwide

Loss

Advantage

Profit

Buyer

Requirements

Ensure

Resale

Export

Risk

Follow-up

Run a Business

Foreign

Secure Transactions

Import

Shipping Arrangements

Investment

Sourcing

Manage Risk

Start a Business

Manufacturer

Supplier

Minimize Costs

Trade

Negotiations

Trust

Delay

Less than Container Load (LCL)

Disadvantage

Middleman

Distrust

On Board

Exclusive Basis

Profit Margin

Foot

Risky

Full Container Load (FCL)

Unreliable

Insecure

Wholesale

Business Telephone Etiquette

Announce

Out of the Office

Ask for Permission

Pleasant

Avoid

Professionally

Call Someone Back

Put

• No training or processes/standardization

• Frederik Taylor: Scientific Labour

• Conduct scientific studies of each job

• Match workers to jobs they're suited for

• Cooperate with workers

• Divide work between workers and managers (i.e. managers don't do the same jobs workers do)

• 'One right way' to do any task, no teamwork

• Fordism: Based on electricity, moved from craft production to mass production

• System based on standardization

• Minimize costs rather than maximize profits

• Vertical integration

• Fayol's 14 Principles of Management: Early theory of management

• Division of work: Dividing work of organization among people to make departments

• Balancing authority and responsibility: Right to give orders shouldn'

Understanding and Managing Anxiety

Anxiety is a universal emotion, emerging when we face intense or sustained effort, serving to activate us and prepare for a perceived threat or danger, whether present or potential. The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly increased anxiety levels, with many individuals experiencing heightened worry, especially concerning their own health or that of loved ones.

Practical Strategies for Anxiety Relief

Remember, there's no single "right" way to cope, as each person deals with stress differently. The following practical tips are designed to help you take care of yourself and manage anxiety during challenging times:

1. Physical Activity for Anxiety Relief

   Regular physical exercise can significantly help combat anxiety

- From: Ainhoa Centelles Sánchez

- To: AliExpress

- Dear Sir or Madam,

- I’m writing to inform you about the products I ordered from your company that have not been received properly, there was an error. Also, the order has arrived damaged and in poor conditions.

- I placed the order on 13 February, I bought from your website two pairs of sneakers. However, one pair has a different color that I ordered and the other pair came two sizes bigger and it didn't bring laces as it said in the photo of your website.

- Furthermore, according to your website, orders are transported in good conditions and are insured. As a result of your error, the packaging arrived destroyed and the contents of the package could be seen.

- I am very dissatisfied with the... Continue reading "Issue with Order: Incorrect Color and Size, Damaged Packaging" »

Welcome to IKEA

Introduction

To: All Employees

From: Germán Vargas

Subject: Welcome Introduction

Hello everyone,

My name is Germán Vargas, and I am the new Marketing Director. I'm from Seville, and my previous job was Junior Administrative Assistant at Factory Store, where I managed the administrative tasks for seven years. I'm very excited about moving to Madrid and joining IKEA. I am looking forward to meeting and working with all of you.

Cheers,

Germán Vargas

Office Equipment Quote Request

To: [email protected]

From: [email protected]

Subject: Quote for Office Equipment

Dear Ms. Maria,

Our company is looking for reliable suppliers of office equipment. We would be grateful if you could send us a quote for the items listed below:

• 1 Shredder
• 2 Photocopiers
• 10

My Favorite Sport: Padel

My favorite sport is Padel, and I believe that it will become one of the most important sports in a few years.

It is played in doubles (two against two), just like doubles tennis. The court, which measures 10 by 20 meters, is smaller than a tennis court and is enclosed by walls. It is made of artificial grass. To play, you need specific equipment:

• A Padel racket (I have two or three)
• Padel shoes (which are the same as tennis shoes)
• Padel balls

I have a lot of balls because I like to play frequently. I try to play two or three times a week, but right now, I can only play once a week because my English teacher assigns a lot of homework and I dedicate my free time to my son and wife.

I love this sport because it requires constant