Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Vocational training

Tema 1: Email presentándote a una empresa

Hello everyone! My name is José. I am 19 years old and I live in Antequera. I am a friendly and hardworking person. I am the new administrative assistant. My previous job was at a commercial company near London, where I was the chief accountant. Another job I held was administrative assistant at Andiex, S.L., a company located in Malaga, for six months. I am looking forward to meeting you all and working with you at [factory/company]. Also, I have a lot of experience when it comes to dealing with customers who have complaints or concerns about our products. Best wishes, José Grillo.

Tema 2: Descripción de la oficina

Dear Ms. Keys, welcome to Amazing Clothes! We are pleased to have you join our company.... Continue reading "Collection of Business Emails" »

Reconstructing the Gold Standard

After World War I, there was a widespread willingness to return to stable currencies through a gold standard or an equivalent system. This led to the Gold-Exchange Standard, where currencies were backed not only by gold but also by "hard currencies" (like the British Pound Sterling and the US Dollar) that were convertible into gold. A central question was at which parity to return. Significant differences in wartime inflation had left various currencies at different distances from their pre-war parity with gold.

The Challenge of Setting Parity

If a country wanted to return to its pre-war parity but its currency was inflated, it had to revalue its currency upwards. This required deflating the economy to attract... Continue reading "The Interwar Gold Standard: Policy Choices and Consequences" »

Personality Adjectives

• Bad-tempered: Malhumorat
• Calm: Calmat
• Confident: Segur, Confiat
• Creative: Creatiu
• Cheerful: Feliç, Alegre
• Disorganized: Desorganitzat
• Easy-going: Fàcil de Tractar
• Generous: Generós
• Helpful: Útil
• Independent: Independent
• Irritable: Irritable
• Moody: Deprimit
• Outgoing: Extrovertit
• Patient: Pacient
• Reliable: Fiable
• Selfish: Egoista
• Sensible: Prudent, Sensat
• Shy: Tímid
• Stubborn: Tossut
• Talkative: Parlador

Phrasal Verbs

• Let down: Decebre
• Pick on: Ficar-se amb algú
• Split up: Separar-se, Deixar-ho
• Get over: Recuperar-se
• Stand by: Recolzar
• Run into: Xocar amb algú
• Take after: Assemblar-se
• Ask out: Demanar per sortir

Reporting Verbs

• Complain + to somebody + about something: Queixar-se, Reclamar
• Apologize + for + _ing: Disculpar-se
• Offer + to + verb: Oferir
• Admit

OBLIGATION

Must ++ deber : eterno, leyes

Have to: obligacion dia a dia : no hay obligacion

Must (deber) y Can't (poder): cuando algo esta prohibido

Should (deberia): sugerencia

POSIBILIDAD

Could: (podria) cuando algo es posible

May: (puede) cuando algo es posible

Can't/Cannot: cuando es imposible

CERTEZA

Will/Won't: algo que es seguro que va a pasar

Should: (ocurrira) retonadamente cierto

Pasado Perfecto: (modals)

- modals + has/have + tercera columna

PASSIVE

The Fibre Placement Process

Automatically places multiple individual prepreg tows onto a mandrel at high speed, using a numerically controlled, articulating robotic placement head to dispense, clamp, cut and restart as many as 32 tows simultaneously. Machines are available with dual mandrel stations to increase productivity.

Advantages of fibre placement include:

• Processing speed
• Reduced material scrap
• Labour costs
• Parts consolidation
• Improved part-to-part uniformity

Often used to produce large thermoset parts with complex shapes.

Common Idioms and Expressions

• White lie: mentira piadosa
• Pretending: fingir
• Bluntly: sin rodeos
• Economical with the truth: parte de la verdad para no herir
• Denies: no admitir / negar
• Own up: confesar
• Two-timing: engañar / segunda oportunidad
• Gossip: chismorreo
• Hoax: falsa alarma
• Makes up: inventar
• Fall for: creer algo que es mentira
• Pigs might fly: cuando los cerdos vuelen
• Telling tales: chivarse
• Fake: falso
• Masterminded: planear
• Set foot on: poner un pie en
• Fluttering: aleteo
• Breeze: brisa
• Nouveau: nuevos ricos
• Stepfather: padrastro

Phrasal Verbs and Meanings

• Cover up: cubrir
• Point out: señalar
• Tamper with: estropear / alterar
• Back up: apoyar / respaldar
• Frown on: no gustar / desaprobar
• Live off: depender de alguien
• Tip off: informar / dar un soplo
• Come out: publicar
• Blow

Businesspeople and commercial law are two elements that cannot go separately. When doing business, commercial law is always present and has to be taken into account in order to fulfill the law and have legal effects. But now, how is commercial law developed in business? What is the impact on it? Is it positive? Or negative? All those questions will answer an important matter regarding business and law, two keys that have a huge impact in nowadays society and life.

Defining Commercial Law

First of all, it is needed to define what commercial law is in order to understand which are the matters and issues that are affected. It is the body of law that applies to the rights, relations, and conduct of persons and businesses engaged in commerce, merchandising,... Continue reading "The Impact of Commercial Law on Business and Society" »

Common English Phrasal Verbs

• To break up with: End a relationship.
• To bring about: To cause to happen (health, wealth, good fortune).
• To build up: To draw.
• To carry on: To continue.
• To carry out: To conduct.
• To catch up: Reach the same level.
• To cheer somebody up: Make somebody happy.
• To come out: To appear, to be seen.
• To come around: To change one's mind, to change one's opinion, agree.
• To come down on: To scold or punish.
• To come up: Appear (on the computer screen), happen, or arise.
• To come up against: Chocarse con.
• To come up with: To produce or supply (an idea, a plan).
• To come to (someone): Remember or recall.
• To come about: To happen.
• To come across: To find.
• To come down with: To become sick.
• To come off: Work.
• To cut back on: Reduce.
• To cut down: Reduce.

Verb Tenses and Forms

PreS - 1º / s - p - are + 3º column. Present Continuous (PC) - to be + -ing. Past Simple (PastS) - 2º - P - to be past + 3º. Past Continuous (PastC) - to be past + -ing - P - to be past + -ing + 3º. Future (Futu) - will + infinitive - P - will be + 3º. Be going to (BeGT) - be going to – P - are going to + be + 3º. Present Perfect (PrePer) - have/has + 3º - P - have + been + 3º. Past Perfect (PastP) - had + 3º - P - had been + 3º.

Conditionals: First, Second and Third

• 1st conditional: IF + subject + verb (present) / subject + WILL + INFINITIVE.
• 2nd conditional: IF + subject + verb (past) / subject + WOULD + INFINITIVE.
• 3rd conditional: IF + subject + past perfect (had + past participle) / subject + WOULD + HAVE

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