Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Training and Employment Advise

Reported Speech: Functions and Tense Changes

1. Reporting Verbs and Functions

The choice of reporting verb depends on the function of the original statement:

• Orders: ordered (followed by infinitive).
• Requests (Peticiones): asked (often used for 'could' or 'please').
• Advice (Consejo): advised (often used for 'should' or 'in my opinion').
• Offers (Ofertas): offered (often used for 'would you like').
• Suggestions (Sugerencias): Use the structure Subject + suggested + V-ing (Used for phrases like 'let's', 'what about', 'why don't we', or 'how about').

2. Tense and Modal Shifts

When converting direct speech to indirect speech, tenses and modals typically shift backward:

Tense Shifts (Direct → Indirect)

• Present Simple (PR.S.) → Past Simple (PS.S.)
• Present

This sentence is true. According to the text, the text states that, because the text states that. Nowadays (it is a well-known fact, everyone agrees that), in general, as far as we know (the question is whether this is good for everyone). There are several reasons why I would choose this type of place.

• On the one hand, firstly, secondly
• On the other hand, in contrast, besides, many people (think/do)

(let us now move on to, another factor to take into account is, and that is not all, as I see it, I'm of the point that, and I shall take as an example, it can be seen that .. there is, it is a fact that, it can be assumed that, it is clear that, without a doubt, it is hard to believe that, from my point of view,)

To sum up I would like to say that,

English-Spanish Business Vocabulary

Unit 2

5. To motivate: motivar = To inspire (incentivar)

• Motivation: motivación
• Motivational: motivador, motivacional
• Motivated: motivado
• Highly motivated: super motivado, entusiasta
• Motivational skills: habilidades/capacidad de motivación
• Motivation techniques: técnicas de motivación
• To encourage (syn.): animar, alentar

6. Objective: objetivo o meta (goal/aim/target).

• Set (fijar, establecer) / fix (fijar) / establish / achieve (alcanzar) / meet (alcanzar) objectives (collocations).

7. Staff: personal. (Syn.: personnel, employees, workers).

• to staff: proveer de personal.
• Staff morale: la moral del personal
• Staff turnover: rotación de personal

8. Subordinate: subordinado.

• To subordinate: subordinar.

9. To supervise: supervisar.

The Picture of Dorian Gray

Basil's Demise

On the eve of Dorian Gray's thirty-eighth birthday, he encountered his friend Basil Hallward, who was about to depart for Paris. Basil, concerned about the rumors surrounding Dorian's reputation, expressed his desire to see Dorian's soul. Dorian reluctantly revealed his portrait to Basil. In a fit of rage, Dorian stabbed Basil to death.

The Aftermath of Murder

The following morning, Dorian enlisted the help of Alan Campbell, an old friend, to dispose of Basil's body. Initially reluctant, Alan eventually agreed after Dorian presented him with an incriminating document. Together, they concealed the evidence of the crime.

A Chance Encounter

Seeking solace in opium, Dorian ventured into a den where he encountered... Continue reading "The Picture of Dorian Gray: A Tale of Beauty and Ruin" »

English Conditionals

• The Zero Conditional: (if + present simple, present simple)
  If you heat water to 100°C, it boils.
  Learn more about the Zero Conditional
• The First Conditional: (if + present simple, will + infinitive)
  If it rains tomorrow, we'll go to the cinema.
  Learn more about the First Conditional
• The Second Conditional: (if + past simple, would + infinitive)
  If I had a lot of money, I would travel around the world.
  Learn more about the Second Conditional
• The Third Conditional: (if + past perfect, would + have + past participle)
  If I had gone to bed early, I would have caught the train.

Reported Speech Time and Place Changes

Perfect Tenses

Present Perfect: The car(s) has/have been designed.

Past Perfect: The car(s) had been designed.

Future Perfect: The car(s) will have been designed.

Conditional Sentences

First Conditional

Structure: If + Present Simple + Future Simple

Usage: Real or possible situations.

Examples:

• If it rains today, I'll stay at home.
• If he is busy now, I will come back tomorrow.
• If she doesn't call you, you can call her.
• If you work hard, you may become a millionaire someday.
• If they don't invite you, you must not go.

Second Conditional

Structure: If + Past Simple + would/could/might + verb

Usage: Hypothetical situations.

Examples:

• If I were in Brazil, I would go to Rio de Janeiro.
• If it were not raining, we could go out.
• If they worked for that company, they might

Music Industry Vocabulary

• Lead singer: cantante
• Composer: compositor
• Disc jockey: DJ
• Violinist: violinista
• Guitarist: guitarrista
• Drummer: batería
• Fans: fans
• Conductor: director
• Play: tocar
• Record: grabar
• Write: escribir
• Sing: cantar
• Release: publicar
• On stage: en el escenario
• In the charts: en las listas
• In a recording studio: en un estudio de grabación

Verb and Adjective Prepositions

• Hear about: oír sobre
• Depend on: depender de
• Agree with: estar de acuerdo con
• Work at: trabajar en
• Work on: trabajar en algo
• Good at: bueno en
• Proud of: orgulloso de
• Similar to: parecido a
• Angry with: enfadado con

Conditional Sentences and Grammar

• If I had known he was going, I would have gone.
• Simon would have studied harder if he had known.
• She wouldn't have sat in the seat if she had

English Verb Tenses and Usage

Present Perfect Simple

Structure: You have talked / He has talked.

Usage: It is used with ever, never, yet, just, already, recently, lately, how long...?, for, since, and in recent years.

Present Perfect Continuous

Structure: You have been working / He has been working.

Usage: It is used with for a year, since 2002, how long...?, all night, morning, day, or week.

Past Perfect Simple

Structure: You had started.

Usage: It is used with already, by the time, after, before, until, never, and just.

Past Perfect Continuous

Structure: You had been traveling.

Usage: It is used with for hours, since last April, all morning, when, until, and before.

Future Perfect Simple

Structure: You will have finished.

Usage: It is used with by this

Pre-War Foundations of Galician Language (1906-1923)

Significant events occurred during the subsequent years:

• 1906: Foundation of the Real Academia Galega (Royal Galician Academy).
• 1916: Creation of the first Irmandades da Fala (Brotherhoods of the Language) in A Coruña. These associations sought to defend, diffuse, and promote the use of Galician. With them, Galician nationalism emerged, fostering a tendency to use the language systematically and exclusively for all types of writings.
• 1920: Creation of the magazine Nós, which gave its name to the group that founded it, defining a literary generation and a historical period of Galician culture.
• 1923: Constitution of the Seminario de Estudos Galegos (Seminar of Galician Studies) in Santiago de

A Diáspora Galega en Bos Aires e Montevideo

En Bos Aires e Montevideo concentráronse moitos intelectuais que lograron fuxir da represión franquista, como Castelao, Seoane, Dieste, etc. A eles sumáronse persoeiros como Blanco Amor, Emilio Varela Buxán e outros. Esta concentración reforzou as posicións políticas do galeguismo.

Entre as moitas iniciativas levadas a cabo por esta organización, destacan:

• Organización de exposicións e conferencias.
• Fundación de varias editoriais (como EMECÉ e Citania).
• Publicación de obras emblemáticas da nosa literatura, como Sempre en Galiza e A Esmorga.
• Creación de xornais e revistas emigrantes (Galeuzca e Galicia).
• Constitución de grupos musicais, como o coro Majura Villanueva.
• Creación de varias axencias