Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Teaching & Education for Secondary education

Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication

Verbal: Using words.

Non-verbal: Communication without words, including facial expressions, eye contact, hand movements, body posture, dress, and voice.

The Nature of Conversation

The conversation is a spontaneous activity between two or more partners involving both verbal and non-regulated non-verbal elements. A conversation develops live and takes place in turns.

Structure of the Topic

• Opening: Starts with greetings, questions, or exclamations.
• Body: The central part and the focus of the conversation.
• Closing: Uses common farewell formulas for the end.

Language in Informal Conversation

One of the main characteristics of oral language is improvisation, which is subject to change. Speakers often shift from one topic... Continue reading "Linguistic Elements and Communication Dynamics" »

Vocabulari general

• acquaintance = conegut

• attracted to = atret

• bond = unió

• break her heart = trencar-li el cor

• break up with = deixar-ho

• brought up = créixer

• can't stand = no suportar

• colleague = company de feina

• companion = company

• consult = consultar

• despise = repugnar

• fall for = enamorar-se

• fall out = discutir

• fancy = apeteix / tenir ganes

• fiancé = promès

• foster parents = pares d'acollida

• get my hopes up = esperança

• getting your own way = sortir-se amb la seva

• hugs = abraçades

• has a reputation = tenir fama de

• host = acollir

• hit it off = començar a ser amics

• image = imatge

• keep you company = fer-te companyia

• loathe = odiar

• loyal = leial

• make up = reconciliar-se

• mutual friend = amic en comú

• partner = parella (sense casar-se)

• proposals = propostes

• reassures = animar

• relationship

Discourse as a Verbal Structure

• Modes of Discourse:

• Talk or spoken discourse comprises everyday conversations and other types of dialogues, such as parliamentary debates, board meetings, etc.

• Text or written discourse defines the large set of discourse types, comprising, for example, news reports in newspapers, textbacks, advertising, etc.

• Typology of Discourse: They define sets or classes of discourse types. We may use discourse modes to define genres—conversations, poems, reports, etc.

• Order and Form:

• The formal structure of sentences in discourse is not independent of the rest of discourse for the context.

• Meaning:

• Is the abstract sense of discourse, which is called semantic representation. Meaning is something assigned to a discourse by language

Intrasentential Cohesion

Intrasentential cohesion involves the thematic structure (theme/topic, old information, subject) and information structure (rheme, comment, new information, predicate).

Topicalisation

A syntactic process used to promote cohesion by fronting an element in a clause, often an object, to maintain structure.

Focalisation

• Phonological: Marked tone units.
• Syntactic: Clefting (It + be + X + that clause) and Pseudoclefting (What clause + be + X).

Extrasentential Cohesion

Markers of cohesion include the following categories:

a) (Co)reference and Deixis

• Referential Deixis: The ability of language to point. It can be referential (pointing to a referent) and categorized as exophoric (context-dependent) or endophoric (referent within the text)

Writing Exercise

John was a child in a Boston neighbourhood who had no friends at school. One year, at Christmas, his parents gave him a teddy bear. He made a wish on that special night, and the next day, his teddy bear came to life. Ted soon became famous and worked in many television programmes. Then, they grew up, and John found a girlfriend.

John was at a party with his girlfriend. He called his friend Ted, who had also come to the party, to play with Flash Gordon. John and Ted decided to go with Flash, and John's girlfriend got angry. Then, John got angry too and fought with Ted. Finally, Ted talked with John's girlfriend to ask her to give John another chance.

Vocabulary List

• Gorgeous: muy guapo
• Appearance: aspecto físico
• Unappealing: poco

Els Mitjans de Comunicació i el Diari

Un mitjà de comunicació és qualsevol instrument usat per a rebre i transmetre idees i informació. Actualment, s'usa el terme per a designar uns ens capaços d'arribar a un gran públic amb la informació, l'entreteniment o la propaganda.

El Diari d'un Home

L'estructura d'un diari inclou: la capçalera, el titular principal, altres titulars, subtítols, fotos, peus de fotos, etc.

Tipus de Diaris

• Tradicional
• Tabloide (xafarderies)
• Esportiu
• Econòmic
• Modern i variat

Normes Ortogràfiques de la A i la E

Ús de les lletres a i e en català:

Excepcions amb la lletra E

S'escriuen amb e els mots acabats en: -ista, -cida, -arca, -ma, -ta. Exemples: artista, homicida, monarca, drama, poeta.

Excepcions amb la lletra E a final

The Essence of Literature

Literature is an art expressed through language. It is characterized by using words in a special way, distinct from everyday usage. Literary language is provocative and creative, aiming to surprise and please the reader or listener.

The Aesthetic Function

In literary texts, the aesthetic function of language dominates: the author seeks to create beauty through words. Consequently, they utilize expressive resources to develop their art.

Literary texts employ connotative language, where words acquire meanings beyond their usual definitions, such as a "duel of biting lilies."

Literary Figures and Expressive Resources

Literary figures are expressive resources that manipulate language to make it beautiful and inspiring. They... Continue reading "Understanding Literature and Verb Conjugation" »

Sensory Experiences

The Five Senses: Hearing, sight (vista), smell, taste, touch.

Descriptive Words: Blinding (cegador), bright (brillante), crunchy, dark, deafening, faint (suave), fragrant, hard, rich (abundante), rough (áspero), silent, slimy (empalagoso), smooth (suave), soft (blando), spicy, stinky, sweet.

Verbs Related to Senses: Feel (sentir), gaze (mirada), hear, listen, look, savor, see, smell, sniff, stroke (acariciar), swallow, taste, touch, watch.

Adjectives and Cultural Activities

Adjectives: Additional, adventurous, basic, careful, cautious, countless, medical, noisy, original, painful, practical, slimy, stinky, traditional, universal, active, agreeable, different, dominant, insistent, pleasant.

Cultural Activities & Verbs: Come... Continue reading "Sensory Experiences, Actions, and Human Interactions" »

Unit 5: Advertising Agency and Shopping Vocabulary

Enhance your commercial vocabulary with these English and Basque translations:

• Advertising agency: publizitate agentzia
• Attract: erakarri
• Awareness: ezagutza
• Budget: aurrekontua
• Convey a message: mezu bat igorri
• Flyer: iragarki papertxoa
• Free sample: doako lagina
• Goods: produktuak
• Increase: igoera
• Make: marka
• Price range: prezio aukera
• Product: produktua
• Purchase: erosi
• Shop display: erakusleihoa
• Strategy: estrategia
• Tempt: tentatu
• Bargain: pagotxa
• Cash: eskudirua
• Cashier: kutxazaina
• Charge: kobratu
• Credit card: kreditu txartela
• Discount: deskontua
• Exchange: aldatu
• Guarantee: garantia
• Make up one's mind: erabaki
• On sale: salmentan
• Price tag: etiketa
• Receipt: erreziboa
• Reduce: murriztu
• Refund: itzuli
• Save up: aurreztu
• Special

English to Catalan Vocabulary List

Review the comprehensive bilingual vocabulary table below, featuring common verbs, phrasal expressions, family terms, weather vocabulary, and descriptive adjectives translated from English to Catalan.