Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Teaching & Education for Secondary education

English Vocabulary and Grammar Reference

Relationships Vocabulary

• Acquaintance: Conegut
• (Best / Close) Friend: Friend
• Boss: Jefe
• Colleague: Col·lega
• Classmate: Company de classe
• Flatmate: Company de pis
• Neighbour: Veí
• Parent: Pares
• Step-sister / Step-brother: Germanastra
• Relative: Parent/Familiar
• (Ex-) Girlfriend: Ex-novia

Phrasal Verbs:

• Get together: Juntar-se
• Get on well: Portar-se bé
• Get in touch: Estar en contacte

Appearance and Personality Descriptors

Appearance

• Auburn: Castany (referring to hair color)
• Casual: Informal
• Clean-shaven: Ben afeitat
• Good-looking: Guapo
• Medium build: Estatura mitjana
• Medium height: Constitució mitjana
• Scruffy: Mal vestit
• Shoulder-length (hair): Cabells per l’espalla
• Skinny: Molt prim
• Slim: Prim
• Smart: Elegant
• Spiky (hair): Cabells

Premodifiers

• Adjectives
• Participials
• Nouns

Postmodifiers

• Relative clauses
• To-infinitive clauses
• Ing-clauses
• Ed-clauses
• Prepositional phrases
• Appositive NPs
• Adjective phrases
• Adverbs

Relative Clauses

• Restrictive RC: Identify the intended reference of the head noun.
• Non-restrictive RC: Add elaborating, descriptive information about a head noun that has already been identified or is assumed to be known.

Components of a Relative Clause

• Head noun: The noun modified by the relative clause.
• Relativizer: The word which introduces the relative clause.
• Gap: The location of the missing constituent in the relative clause.

Relativizers in Standard English

There are eight relativizers in standard English:

• Five relative pronouns: which, who, whom, whose, that.
• Three relative adverbs:

Vocabulary

English - Spanish

• Option: Opción
• College: Instituto CFT
• Qualification: Calificación
• Higher: Superior
• Job: Trabajo (como sustantivo)
• Invaluable: Muy valioso
• Further: Más
• Prospective: Futuro
• Field: Gran extensión de algo
• Staff: Personal/Grupo de personas
• Several: Muchos
• Loans: Préstamo
• Debt: Deuda
• Enable: Permitir
• Current: Actual
• Advisors: Asesores
• Fed-up: Agotado
• Undertaken: Emprender
• Make up your mind: Decidirse
• Relationship: Relación
• Between: Entre
• Employment: Empleo
• Degree: Grado académico
• Part/Full time: Tiempo completo/Tiempo medio
• Employer: Empleador
• Applying for: Buscar trabajo
• Technical Training Centers: Centro de Formación Técnica
• Learning: Aprendiendo
• Can and May: Poder
• Anyone; Any age: Alguien de cualquier edad
• Something: Algo
• Needed: Requerido
• Skills:

Professional Journalistic Writing Standards

Core Linguistic Principles

• Standard Language: Use formal, standard language. Avoid vulgarisms, offensive terminology, and linguistic prejudices.
• Style Compliance: Adhere to established rules for capitalization, punctuation, and typography, as defined in professional style manuals.
• Clarity and Precision: Employ functional, accurate, and simple vocabulary. Avoid unnecessary technical jargon, foreign terms, and acronyms; if used, define them in parentheses.
• Descriptive Language: Prioritize descriptive adjectives over generic ones to enhance imagery.
• Tense Usage: Favor the present tense, simple past, or periphrastic past.

Syntactic Structure

• Conciseness: Use clear, concise syntax following the Subject + Verb

Potentially Dangerous Implications for Anthropology

By Maximilian Forte

In his 1988 article, South African anthropologist Adam Kuper (born in 1941) critiques "nativism." He defines nativism as a form of anthropology that seeks to rid itself of colonial ambitions to occupy the representational territory of others. This represents a "decolonialized" anthropology—similar to colonialists resigning and withdrawing from territories they had settled—rather than a decolonized anthropology, which can carry various other meanings.

The Case for Cosmopolitan Anthropology

Kuper argues for a "cosmopolitan anthropology" to rescue the collapsing discipline from what he perceives as hostile ethnic critics. However, he fails to mention that for a century, the... Continue reading "The Politics of Representation in Modern Anthropology" »

Vocabulary: Clothing and Food

• Clothing: Blouse (blusa), bracelet (braçalet), cap (gorra), necklace (collaret), high heels (talons alts), mini skirt (minifaldilla), ring (anell), hood (caputxa), flip-flops (xancletes), jeans (pantalons), dress (vestit), earrings (arracades), boots (botes), jewellery (joieria), hats (barrets), clothing (roba).
• Food and Adjectives: Muesli (cereals muesli), yoghurt (iogurt), beef (carn de bou), crisps (patates fregides), biscuits (galetes), lemon juice (suc de llimona), vitamins (vitamines), cooked (cuit), casual (casual), fashionable (de moda), old-fashioned (passat de moda), frozen (congelat), oily (oliós), raw (cru), salty (salat), trendy (de moda), sensible (sensat), sour (agre), spicy (picant), sweet (dolç)

Modal Clauses

Modal clauses (menderakuntza modalak) are subordinate clauses that explain how an action in the main sentence is performed.

Modal Conjunctions

• -(e)n bezala: Used to replace adverbial phrases; answers the question "How?".
• -(e)n bezala / -(e)n bezalakoa: Equivalent to "as" or "like".
• -(e)n bezalakoa: Indicates similarity.

In these structures, the auxiliary verb is often removed, and the main verb is associated with the participle. The verb can sometimes be deleted entirely to create a summary form.

Purpose Clauses

Purpose clauses (helburuzko perpausak) indicate the objective, intention, or purpose of the main action, answering the question "For what purpose?".

Purpose Conjunctions

These are typically used with non-finite verb forms (jokatugabeak)... Continue reading "Basque Grammar: Modal and Purpose Clauses Explained" »

Projects and Reports

A project is an expository text in which an action is performed. It includes proposal drafts for the organization of events, activities, and the resolution of detected problems or needs.

A report is an expository text detailing events and presenting the results of an investigation. A written report serves two main purposes:

• To express in writing that something happened.
• To assess a specific situation.

Classification of Sentences by Syntactic Structure

• First criterion: Personal (has a subject) vs. Impersonal (no subject).
• Second criterion: Predicative (no attribute) vs. Attributive (has an attribute).
• Third criterion: Transitive (includes a direct object) vs. Intransitive (does not include a direct object).
• Fourth criterion: Active