English Language Study Notes: Tenses and Vocabulary

Vocabulary: Clothing and Food

• Clothing: Blouse (blusa), bracelet (braçalet), cap (gorra), necklace (collaret), high heels (talons alts), mini skirt (minifaldilla), ring (anell), hood (caputxa), flip-flops (xancletes), jeans (pantalons), dress (vestit), earrings (arracades), boots (botes), jewellery (joieria), hats (barrets), clothing (roba).
• Food and Adjectives: Muesli (cereals muesli), yoghurt (iogurt), beef (carn de bou), crisps (patates fregides), biscuits (galetes), lemon juice (suc de llimona), vitamins (vitamines), cooked (cuit), casual (casual), fashionable (de moda), old-fashioned (passat de moda), frozen (congelat), oily (oliós), raw (cru), salty (salat), trendy (de moda), sensible (sensat), sour (agre), spicy (picant), sweet (dolç), practical (pràctic).

English Verb Tenses

Present Simple

Used for routines, habits, descriptions, schedules, tastes, and opinions.
Structure: Subject + Verb (1st column) or To Be + Adjective.

Present Continuous

Used for actions happening at the moment.
Structure: Subject + To Be + Verb + -ing (e.g., I am watching).

Past Simple

Used for completed actions in the past.

• Affirmative: Subject + Verb (2nd column or -ed).
• Negative: Subject + didn't + Verb (1st column).
• Interrogative: Did + Subject + Verb (1st column).
• Short answers: Yes, [subject] did / No, [subject] didn't.

Past Continuous

Used for actions in progress at a specific moment in the past.
Structure: Subject + was/were + Verb + -ing.

Present Perfect Simple

Used for actions that started in the past and continue to the present.
Structure: Subject + have/has + Verb (3rd column or -ed).

Present Perfect Continuous

Structure: Subject + have/has + been + Verb + -ing.

Future Forms

Will

Used for future predictions or uncertain events.
Structure: Subject + will + Verb (1st column). (e.g., You won't need petrol if you use the bike).

Be Going To

Used for planned future actions.
Structure: Subject + to be + going to + Verb (1st column).

Common Expressions

• Greetings & Social: How do you do?, Good luck, Merry Christmas, No thanks, The same to you, I'd love to come, Welcome back, Well done, Have a nice trip, Congratulations, See you then, You're welcome, Bless you.
• Phrasal Verbs & Idioms: Fed up, Can't be bothered, Keep in touch, Set up dates, Can't make it, Sounds good, Stay in, Come round, Go out, Don't feel like, Made plans.