Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Teaching & Education for Baccalaureate

English-Spanish Vocabulary Lists

Unit 1: Travel and Nature

• Accommodation
• Achieve: conseguir
• Awareness: conciencia
• Bee: abeja
• Bored
• Break the ice
• Colorful: colorido
• Crowded: lleno de gente
• Desert
• Deserted
• Eel: anguila
• Encounter: encuentro
• Excited
• Exotic
• Face
• Fence: valla
• Flat: llano
• Foreign: extranjero
• Get off: bajarse
• Get up
• Give up: darse por vencido
• Go abroad
• Goal: objetivo
• Guide
• Guided tour
• Hiking
• Hilly
• Hire: contratar
• Hostile
• Impressive
• Isolated: aislado
• Journey
• Landmark: punto de referencia
• Lively: animado
• Local
• Make reservation
• Mountain
• Noisy
• Peaceful
• Rafting
• Rappelling
• Remote
• River
• Rocky
• Route
• Run out of
• Rural
• Sandy
• Scenery: paisaje
• Set off: salir
• Show up
• Steep
• Take off
• Tired
• Travel arrangements
• Turn back
• Unpredictable
• Urban
• Warn
• Watch out: tener cuidado

Unit 2: Accidents and Survival

• Accident
• Alive:

Passive Voice Construction

The passive voice is formed with: Subject (patient) + to be (conjugated) + past participle + complement.

Example 1 (Active to Passive):

• Active: An old woman arrested the thief.
• Passive: The thief was arrested by an old woman.

Example 2 (Modal Passive):

• Active: They may have analyzed the results.
• Passive: The results may have been analyzed.

Passive Voice with Two Objects

When an active verb has two objects (direct and indirect), either can become the subject of the passive sentence.

Example: He sent me flowers.

• Passive (Direct Object as Subject): Flowers were sent to me.
• Passive (Indirect Object as Subject): I was sent flowers.

Passive Voice Verb Tense Transformations

Here's how common verb tenses transform into the passive voice:... Continue reading "Mastering English Grammar: Voice, Conditionals, and Essay Writing" »

Macrostructure and Microstructure in Writing

Macrostructure

• Theme: The topic of the paper, typically introduced at the beginning.
• Rheme: Found in the middle, providing a summary of each section of the paper.
• Thesis Statement: Located at the end, summarizing the main results.

Microstructure

Lexicon

• Vocabulary and Terminology: Use of formal or informal language (e.g., "provides," "expand"). Adjectives may be used logically or psychologically.
• Semantic Fields: Vocabulary specifically related to rhetoric.
• Formality: The text may also include terms that are less formal.
• Tenses: The use of the verb "to be" in topic sentences and thesis statements indicates that the statements can be regarded as universal truths. The combination of a formal register with more

Here are some common English words and phrases with their meanings:

• A bit - a little
• Blog - online diary
• Bye - goodbye
• Getting on - making progress
• Hanging out - spending time together
• Hey - hello

Gerunds and Infinitives

Gerunds: (verbs ending in -ing) are often used after these verbs: admit, avoid, can’t stand, consider, don’t mind, enjoy, finish, give up, imagine, mention, miss, practise, resist, risk, start, stop, suggest, try.

Infinitives: (to + verb) are often used after these verbs: afford, agree, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, choose, dare, decide, expect, hope, intend, learn, manage, pretend, promise, refuse, seem, want.

Relationships and Feelings

Here are some words related to relationships and feelings:

• Parents (mother and father)
• Argument (disagreement)

The specialized language used in scientific and technical texts is considered a subcode of a natural language, primarily utilized for the transmission of knowledge. This subcode is characterized by its focus on the referential function and denotation, emphasizing clarity, precision, and conciseness.

To achieve universality of terms, standards bodies have established specific terminology. Furthermore, this specialized communication often incorporates non-linguistic signs.

Core Objectives and Communicative Elements

The main objective of scientific and technical texts is to report on the activity and progress within science and technology. The specific characteristics of this discourse are conditioned by several key elements:

• Communicative Goal: The

English Grammar Reference Table

This table provides a clear comparison of essential English grammatical structures and their Spanish equivalents.

Marcelo Vieira: The Iconic Left-Back

Many experts agree that Marcelo Vieira is one of the greatest left-backs in football history, celebrated for his exceptional skills, speed, and attacking style.

Early Life and Real Madrid Career

Born in 1988 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Marcelo began his journey at Fluminense. His talent led him to Real Madrid in 2007, where he became a cornerstone of the team, securing numerous titles, including:

• Five UEFA Champions League trophies
• Multiple La Liga titles

Renowned for his dribbling, assists, and defensive prowess, he was honored in 2022 as the most decorated player in Real Madrid's history. Today, he continues to inspire the next generation of footballers.

Cristiano Ronaldo: A Global Football Icon

Cristiano Ronaldo,... Continue reading "Legendary Athletes: Marcelo, Ronaldo, and Schumacher" »

Essential Workplace Vocabulary

• The deadline is tomorrow, not a day later.
• The perks include a company car.
• He first started working here as a clerk.
• That’s nonsense; it’s just not true.
• She’s been promoted to a new position.
• I’m not a slave; I don’t work for free.
• This week I’m working the early shift.
• I need help; this task requires teamwork.

Defining Relative Clauses

1. The manager whom staff didn’t like was fired. (Defining)

2. I don’t want to think about the time when I was unhappy in my job. (Defining)

Common Relative Pronouns

Which, who, who, whose, where, of which, whom, whose, with.

Formal vs. Informal Relative Clauses

Example 1: Storage

• Relative clause: This is my locker in which I store all my books.
• Formal: This is my locker in which

ZERO CONDITIONAL

If + Present Simple + Present Simple

USE a general truth or fact

FIRST CONDITIONAL

If / Unless + Present Simple + will + base form of verb

USE an action that is likely to happen in the future. If the economy improves, unemployment will end.

SECOND CONDITIONAL

If / Unless + Past Simple + would + base form of verb

USE a hypothetical or imaginary situation in the present or future.

THIRD CONDITIONAL

If + Past Perfect Simple + would have + past participle

USE an impossible or unfulfilled situation in the past

Passive Voice

Present Simple: am / is / are + past participle

Millions of birds are killed by cats every year.

Past Simple: was / were + past participle

Dinosaurs were wiped out more than 65 million years ago.

Future Simple: will be + past

Work and Education Vocabulary

• Apply for a job - trobar feina
• Claim benefits - reclamar beneficis
• Do a course - fer un curs
• Do a degree - fer una carrera
• Do an assignment - fer una assignació
• Do business - muntar un negoci
• Do your homework - fer els deures
• Drop out - abandonar
• Get a job - aconseguir feina
• Get fired - ser acomiadat
• Get good - millorar / fer-se bo
• Bad grades - notes dolentes
• Get paid - rebre el pagament
• Get promoted - ser promogut
• Graduated from - graduat en...
• Leave school - deixar l'escola
• Pass an exam - aprovar un examen
• Pass with flying colors - aprovar amb matrícula d'honor
• Pass your driving test - aprovar l'examen de conduir
• Start a business - muntar un negoci
• Start a career - començar una carrera
• Start work - començar a treballar
• Teach yourself