Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and exercises for Teaching & Education for Baccalaureate

English Verb Tenses Summary

Present Tenses

• Present Simple (Habitual actions): I/you/we/they → go/have. He/She/It → goes/has.
  • Example: Every day I go to school.
  • Time Markers: sometimes, usually, never, always.
• Present Continuous (Temporary actions): Are/is + -ing.
  • Example: She is eating an ice cream.
  • Time Markers: At the moment, tomorrow, today.

Past Tenses

• Past Simple (-ed / 2nd column irregular verbs). Used with When.
  • Example: He went to school.
  • Regular Verbs: Affirmative (-ed), Negative (didn't + base verb), Interrogative (Did + base verb).
  • Irregular Verbs: Affirmative (Past Simple form).
• Past Continuous (was/were + -ing). Used with While.
  • Example: He was painting his bedroom.
• Past Perfect (had + past participle).
  • Example: We had finished our meal when

Understanding the Pronoun 'SE' in Spanish

Pronominal Uses of 'SE'

1. Indirect Object Pronoun (CI)

• The pronoun 'le' (indirect object) can take the forms 'lo, la, los, las' when it precedes a direct object pronoun.
• It refers to the same person as the subject.
• This pronoun does not alter the verb's meaning.
• The verb is transitive and is accompanied by a direct object, which can be replaced by a different pronoun.

2. Reflexive and Reciprocal Pronouns

• Reflexive: The action performed by the subject reflects back on the subject itself.
  • Example: María se peina (Maria combs herself). This implies María peina a María (Maria combs Maria).
• Reciprocal: Similar to reflexive pronouns, but used with a plural subject where participants exchange actions.
  • Example: Pedro

An e-mail requesting job information

To: Mrs Tess Gladstone

From: Marian Alarcón Romero Subject: Sales Director Vacancy

Dear Mrs Tess

I am writing in response to the Sales Director ad at Nova Fashions. I am interested in the position but I would like more information about it. What is the work schedule? Would you be willing to hire someone who does not have much previous experience in the field of fashion? Is it necessary to have knowledge of English? What is the level of French you require?

I look forward to hearing from you.

Yours sincerely

Marian Alarcón Romero

Covering letter

From: María de los Ángeles Alarcón Romero

To: [email protected]

Subject: Sales Director

Dear Mrs Tess Gladstone

I am writing in reference to the position of sales director

Intriguing Reads: A Collection of Diverse Articles

Culture and Travel

The Da Vinci Code

Pieces of an Ancient Culture

Meeting an Old Friend

Michael Palin: The “Travelling Comedian”

Svalbard – The Land Beyond the North Cape

Living in Greenland

Smiling Indians

Norwich

U.S. National Parks: Yellowstone

The Mystery of Jim Thompson

Karen Blixen

Animals and Environment

Animal Rights

Save the Animals

A Better World

Building for a Better World

Counting the Bugs and Bacteria

Is Life in the Outback Compatible

Technology and Science

Annoying Cell Phones?

Do You Get on Well with Your Smartphone?

Are We Alone in the Universe?

Telepathy

Food in Space

Are Insects the Future of Food?

Does Handwriting Have a Future?

Education in the 21st Century

We’ll Be on Mars Again

Sports and Recreation

A

UNIT 12. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN L1 AND L2 LEARNING

L1 → first language

L2 → second language

KEY CONCEPTS 

Meet up with: quedar con alguien
Show someone around: enseñar
Pick someone up: recojer a alguien
Drop someone off: dejar a alguien
Stock up: abastecerse
Out of stock: quedarse sin
Track of: controlar pedido
Running low: agotandose
Check it out: comprobar
Get back: devolucion
Run out: quedarse sin ninguno
On stock: hay material
Keep track of: controlar pedido
Adapt: to change something to suit a particular need
Advertisement: a short film on TV to persuade people to buy something
Aha moment: when you suddenly realize or understand something
ASAP: as soon as possible
Brainchild: an idea for something new
Catalyst: something to cause change
Challenging: difficult in a satisfying way
Client: customer of the company
Come up with: think of a new idea or plan
Concept:... Continue reading "Business Vocabulary and Phrases" »

English-Spanish Shopping & Value Vocabulary

Nouns

Bargain

ganga

Brand name

nombre de marca

Customer service

atención al cliente

Discount

descuento

Genius

genio

Luxury item

artículo de lujo

Passer-by

transeúnte

Price tag

etiqueta de precio

Rip-off

estafa

Status symbol

símbolo de estatus

Verbs

Afford

permitirse

Appreciate

apreciar

Cost

costar

Cough

toser

Earn

ganar

Exchange

intercambiar

Fit

quedar bien

Ignore

ignorar

Imagine

imagina

Recognise

reconocer

Try on

probarse

Adjectives

Attached

adjunto

Brand-new

a estrenar

Fake

falso

Grateful

agradecido

Outstanding

sobresaliente

Overpriced

con sobreprecio

Second-hand

segunda mano

Sensible

sensato

Talented

talentoso

Upset

molesto

Useful

útil

Well made

bien hecho

Common Phrases & Idioms

A good deal

una buena oferta

Cost a fortune

costar una fortuna

Good quality

buena

Advanced English Vocabulary: Media, Film, and Connectors

Media and Journalism Terminology

A collection of terms related to news, reporting, and current affairs, with Catalan translations.

• Amazed by: Sorprès per
• Amused by: Entretingut/divertit amb
• Amusing: Graciós, divertit
• Awful: Horrible, espantós
• Broadcast live: Emetre en directe
• Broadcast worldwide: Emetre arreu del món
• Business: Economia (topic)
• Box-office hit: Èxit de taquilla
• Classified ads: Anuncis per paraules
• Continually: Constantment
• Cover a story: Cobrir una notícia
• Current affairs: Temes d'actualitat
• Deafening: Ensordidor
• Editorial: Opinió (article)
• Evidence: Proves
• Freedom of the press: Llibertat de premsa
• Gathering: Aplegament, reunió
• Give an interview: Concedir una entrevista
• Headline: Titular
• Hold

Guided dictation is an effective way to assess the skill of writing. It challenges students' listening comprehension, grammar, vocabulary, and spelling abilities. The process encourages active engagement and provides immediate feedback, enhancing writing proficiency. Moreover, guided dictation promotes language acquisition by exposing learners to authentic spoken language. Collaborative learning can be assessed effectively through peer evaluation, promoting self-reflection and fairness. Formative assessment aims to inform and guide teaching and learning, while summative assessment measures overall mastery. Continuous assessment provides ongoing feedback and supports learning throughout the process. TEFL benefits from informal assessments, promoting... Continue reading "Effective Assessment Methods for Writing Skills: Guided Dictation and Collaborative Learning" »

Intelligent Technology: ChatGPT and Communication

Intelligent technology like ChatGPT is a valuable tool for improving human communication. Intelligent chatbots can provide precise and efficient responses to questions and requests, improving the user experience and operational efficiency in various sectors, such as customer service, education, and healthcare.

Risks and Challenges of Intelligent Technology

Although intelligent technology presents certain risks and challenges, such as privacy and security of user data and perpetuating data biases, it is important to address these challenges to ensure ethical and responsible use of this technology.

Benefits of Intelligent Technology

Overall, intelligent technology like ChatGPT offers significant potential... Continue reading "ChatGPT: Enhancing Human Communication" »