Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

Northern Irish English (Ulster English)

Female voice (heavy breathing)

• Rhotic: particular, alternative, opportunities
• Diphthongs: /eu/ & /au/ realized as /oi/ (e.g., however)
• Consonants: No intervocalic /t/ as flap /d/ (e.g., facilities, intelligibility, varieties)

Irish English (Southern)

Female voice (teenager)

• Rhotic: however, other
• Diphthongs: No /eu/ & /au/ as /oi/ (e.g., however)
• Consonants: No intervocalic /t/ as flap /d/ (e.g., locality, inevitability)

US English (General American)

Female voice (deep)

• Rhotic: barriers, other, starts
• Consonants: Intervocalic /t/ as flap /d/ (e.g., possibilities, inevitability, opportunities)
• Vowels: /o/ is unrounded (e.g., possible, population, not)

Canadian English

Female voice (high-pitched)

• Rhotic: barrier,

Film Vocabulary

Key Terms

• Director
• Stuntman/woman
• Stunt
• Film star
• Script
• Star in a film
• Special effects
• Producer
• Plot
• Soundtrack
• Win an award
• Release a film
• Film a scene
• Screen

Grammar: Future Tenses

• Future Simple: will + base verb (e.g., Most films will probably be 3D.)
• Future with going to: is/are going to + base verb (e.g., James Cameron is going to release 3D versions of some old films.)

Vocabulary: Action Verbs

• Suggest
• Develop
• Equip
• Predict
• Advertise
• Educate
• Enjoy
• Possess
• Argue
• Decorate
• Connect
• Excite
• Inform
• Compete

Grammar: First Conditional

If + present simple, will + base verb (e.g., If I win, they will let me go to film school.)

Social Etiquette

Vocabulary: Social Interactions

• Bring a present
• Be late
• Click your fingers
• Interrupt a conversation
• Jump a queue
• Tell jokes
• Arrive

Reported Speech

• Present Simple → Past Simple
• Present Continuous → Past Continuous
• Present Perfect → Past Perfect
• Future with will → Future in the Past
• Imperative → Infinitive
• I / We → He / She / They
• My / Our → His / Her / Their
• Your → My / Her / His / Their
• Here → There
• Now / At the moment → Then / At the time
• Today → That day
• Tomorrow → The next day / The following day
• Yesterday → The day before / The previous day
• This → That
• Last → The previous / Before

Zero Conditional

If + present tense → present tense or infinitive

Use: General truths, habitual actions, repeated events, or instructions.

First Conditional

If + present simple → will

Use: To talk about a possible future event. If can appear at the beginning or in the middle... Continue reading "English Grammar Essentials: Reported Speech & Verb Forms" »

vocabulary: affectionate, cruel, honest, bossy sensible, jealous, selfish, spoilt, cheerful, lazy, witty, brave, mean, imaginative, handsome, punctual, stubborn, patient, sympathetic, sensitive, irresponsable, reliable, generous, moddy, prejudiced, polite, sociable, friendly, rude, modest

1) music, rithym, lyrics, play music on the radio, a live concert, gig, performance, broadcast live, crow, audience, spectator (sport), fans, musicias, stage, star quality // do, go, have, play, watch // computer, games, dvd, fil, football, friends round, guitar, pizza, running, shopping, theatre, television, yoga, track, make up for, mainstream, // perform, take part in, participate, join in, sing a solo, performer, orchestra, band, participate, festival,... Continue reading "Law 19983 on" »

The Bharatiya Janata Party: India's Political Powerhouse

The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is one of the two major parties in the Indian political system, the other being the Indian National Congress. Established in 1980, it stands as India's second-largest political party in terms of representation in both the Parliament and various state assemblies.

Core Ideology and Principles

The BJP designates its official ideology and central philosophy as "Integral Humanism," based upon a 1965 book by Deendayal Upadhyaya. The party advocates for:

• Hindu nationalism
• Social conservatism
• Self-reliance, as outlined by the Swadeshi movement
• A foreign policy centered around key nationalist principles.

The party's platform is generally considered to be on the right-wing... Continue reading "Bharatiya Janata Party: India's Political Powerhouse" »

Sulfur in Prokaryotes

In prokaryotes, sulfur is most often stored as elemental (S0) granules that can be deposited intracellularly or extracellularly. Sulfur granules are especially common in bacteria that use hydrogen sulfide as an electron source.

DNA Structural Components

Do you know the specific structural setup for the DNA molecule? Bases, phosphate, sugar, etc.

A nucleoside consists of a sugar and a nitrogenous base. A nucleotide consists of a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base (purines: adenine and guanine; pyrimidines: cytosine and thymine).

Function of Cellulose

Makes cell walls. Cellulose is the main structural component of plant cell walls and provides rigidity and support.

Translating mRNA Codons

Know how to translate... Continue reading "Cell Biology Essentials: DNA, Translation, Cells & Metabolism" »

European States: Diversity and Characteristics

Europe is divided into 49 countries. Differences between states include:

• Size: Russia is the largest, while micro-states are the smallest.
• Population: Russia also has the largest population.
• Wealth: Germany possesses the most economic power.
• Regional Differences: Western Europe is the most developed zone, while former Soviet Europe (Eastern Europe) is the largest in terms of area.

The European Union: Origins and Purpose

After World War II, the United States and the Soviet Union emerged stronger than other European countries. European countries created a continent-wide organization to consolidate peace, prevent wars, and compete collectively against these superpowers. In 1957, six European countries signed... Continue reading "The European Union: Structure, Evolution, and Key Institutions" »

Modernism: were inspired by the principles of Parnassianism (technical perfection and take flight from reality) and symbolism (use symbols and images to evoke reality through language). Features:-search for beauty (exotic)-defense of the aristocratic (symbol of the swan), escape in space and time (classical world mythology)-renewal of language, use cultism, sensory imagery.

Ruben Dario was a broadcaster of literary modernism as their status as a journalist and diplomat made him travel delivery Europa.Se equally sensual pleasure, friendships intellectuals, reading of the Romantics and Symbolists Parnassians.

1st stage: BLUE: This work is considered the initiator of modernist influences appear in her book consists of parnasianísmo.El prose... Continue reading "The sonatina" »

Gender:

This novel is a romance because:

1: Stanley was accused of stealing a shoe that supposedly fell from heaven, for that reason, he was sent to Camp Green Lake.

2: Stanley found a gold tube with the inscription KB while digging your hole, did not help anything, as he had promised to give X-rays which found, then I would not earn his day off.

3: X-Ray stole Mr. Sir your bag pipes, but for being in the wrong place at the wrong time and cover for his teammates, was Stanley who took a set of Vigilante, but in the end, Stanley did not no punishment, except the mania that took Mr. Sir, because their fault Vigilante had been slapped.

4: Stanley stole Mr. Sir's truck to go for Zero and try to drive without success, continued walking and once... Continue reading "Summary of Book: Holes by Louis Sachar" »

The Cold War: USA vs. USSR

The Cold War was defined by political tension and rivalry between the USA and the USSR. While there was no direct war, the constant fear of nuclear conflict shaped global policy.

Formation of Blocs

In 1947, the Truman Doctrine aimed to stop communism, while the Marshall Plan provided economic aid to Europe. By 1949, NATO was established as a Western military alliance.

USSR Response:

• 1949: COMECON provided economic aid to the East.
• 1955: The Warsaw Pact was formed as a communist military alliance.

The world was divided into two blocs: the Western capitalist nations and the Eastern communist nations.

Initial Phase (1947–)

The Greek Civil War saw the USSR and USA supporting opposing sides. In Germany, Western zones united,... Continue reading "Cold War History and the Franco Dictatorship" »