Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

World Population

The total number of people living on earth. This figure reached 7 billion in 2012.

Population History

1. Increased slowly before 18^th century. Black death interrupted it.
2. 18^th - 19^th century: contemporary age. Population grew in Europe and North America, improved agriculture.
3. 20^th century: contemporary age.
4. Now.
5. Future.

Population Density

Total population/area km. Average population density: 50 inhabitants per km².

Population Distribution

Uneven due to physical and human factors.

• Physical: Some types of natural environment usually have high population. Favourable conditions include abundant water, a temperate climate, low fertile land, and mineral resources. On the other hand, regions with little water or extreme temperatures are less densely

Key Economic Terminology and Definitions

Core Concepts in Macro and Microeconomics

Macroeconomics

The study of the economy as a whole.

Microeconomics

The study of individual parts of the economy.

Macroeconomics Objectives

The aims of a government relating to key economic performance indicators such as economic growth, inflation, and unemployment.

National Income

The value of income, output, or expenditure over a period of time.

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

An internationally recognized measure of national income.

Understanding Economic Cycles and Output

Economic Growth

The increase in national income over time.

Downturn

A period in the economic cycle where GDP grows, but more slowly.

Recession

A less severe form of depression.

Depression or Slump

The bottom of

The Foundational Treaties

The idea was to encourage progressive economic integration that would eventually lead to a political union. The first treaties, known as the foundational treaties, were:

The Treaty of Paris (1951)

• Established the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC).
• Originally formed by: France, Luxembourg, West Germany, Italy, Belgium, and the Netherlands.

The Treaty of Rome

• Signed by the same six countries as the Treaty of Paris.
• Established the EEC (European Economic Community).
• Formed a common market of goods, labor, services, and capital, and a common agricultural policy.

The Treaty of Euratom (European Atomic Energy Community)

• Established a common market for nuclear energy.

The ECSC, EEC, and Euratom created their own institutions...

The Colonial Empires

European powers formed large colonial empires between 1870 and 1914, spreading to Africa, Asia, and Oceania. Territorial and economic interests generated numerous frictions.

The distribution of the African continent was the main focus of tensions because it confronted the interests of Britain, Germany, France, and Portugal. The rivalry of colonial empires led to the conclusion of the Berlin Conference in 1885, where the division of Africa among the major European powers was agreed upon.

The European Empires

Britain built the biggest empire of modern times, with its colonial rule distributed across all continents.

The British Empire ruled over various parts of America, such as Canada and the Caribbean, much of Oceania, and enclaves...

Managing Business Taxes in Argentina

When you want to establish a business in the city, you must register for Gross Income Tax.

Understanding Different Levies

• MLP (Silver City): Local governments do not charge taxes, but rather levies, the proceeds of which are earmarked for a particular purpose at the same rate.
• Services: Not required, may be provided by the state or by individuals. The amount payable depends on the use/consumption made.
• Taxes: Required by law; only the state may collect payments. The amount payable is the same for everyone, regardless of other aspects.

Simplified Tax Regime

Monotributo: A regime for small taxpayers that simplifies tax collection. If a person's annual sales do not exceed $144,000, they can enroll. This removes the...

Types of Services

Business Services: Market research, business banking services.

People Services: Health, education, culture.

Tertiary Causes of Growth

• The mechanization of production processes of primary and secondary sectors, which use little labor.
• The necessity of services in all phases of the production process: design, studies, market, distribution.
• Increasing the standard of living of the population, which causes more consumption of services.
• The state, in some countries, has as a priority to offer the whole of the citizenry a series of services that guarantee their well-being.
• The importance that research on information and communication have achieved in today's world.

Social Services: Fundamental activities are to ensure the welfare of people....

The Interaction in Living Things

The interaction functions are those enabling a living being to receive information from the outside to the inside, and respond to it. A stimulus is a change in the environment surrounding a body or inside it.

There are two types of responses:

• Static: There is no movement.
• Dynamic or taxis: Movement occurs in response to a stimulus.

The Interaction in Plants

• Tropism: Movements related to plant growth or its parts. They are slow and irreversible responses.
• Nasties: Rapid and temporary changes in certain parts of the plant.
• Photoperiodism: Responses due to changes in illumination that occur throughout the seasons.

The Relationship in Animals (1)

Many animals have developed sophisticated sensory organs that detect specific...

Present Perfect Exercises

ACTIVITIES UNIT 3 EDMODO: PRESENT PERFECT

Write in the Present Perfect

-Tom has swum (SWIM) in the swimming pool this morning.

-Where have you been (YOU/BE) this morning?

-I have felt (FEEL) ill tonight.

-Jonas and Danny haven't played (NOT/PLAY) football with their friends.

-The students have spoken (SPEAK) a lot today in class.

-The teacher of History has explained (EXPLAIN) the American Revolution today.

-The elephant has slept (SLEEP) for fifteen hours today.

-We have broken (BREAK) the door of our classroom.

-The baby has cried (CRY) for twenty minutes.

-My father hasn't worked (NOT/WORK) in Seville since 1987.

-(Jane / READ ) Has Jane read a book?

Complete These Phrases with For/Since

Since 1998

For a long time

Since three o’clock

For...

Adaptation of Xylem to its Function

• Long, made from cells joined end to end to form tubes/vessels
• Cell walls thickened with lignin, a hard, strong material
• Lignin makes cell walls waterproof
• Cells have no cytoplasm or organelles (no cell contents)
• No end-to-end walls between cells
• Pits in the walls for water movement between vessels

Define Transpiration

Loss of water vapor from plant leaves by evaporation of water at the surfaces of the mesophyll cells followed by diffusion of water vapor through the stomata.

Leaves have many more stomata in their lower epidermis than they do in their upper epidermis, and most transpiration happens there.

Factors Affecting Transpiration

• The large internal surface area provided by the interconnecting air spaces between

A Woman's Wartime Journey

London, December 12, 1917

My Dearest Sister,

I hope this letter finds you and your family well, and that you are managing the farm despite your husband and son's absence.

Here in London, rationing is stricter than ever, but I am keeping well and have ways of obtaining enough food through the black market. I am now employed at my husband's factory, ensuring his job remains secure until his return.

Many women from my organization have found similar work. Some are working in their husbands' offices, while others have taken on unexpected roles like grave diggers, road layers, and bus drivers. A few are even considering joining the Salvation Army, hoping to serve as nurses, cooks, or helpers in France.

Our lives have changed...