Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

Future Simple Tense: Will

Conjugation Table

Grammar Exercises for Medical Professionals

1. The paramedics Respuesta Correcta: will be (be) there shortly. All right?

4. I Respuesta Correcta: will be (be) glad to take care of you.

You Respuesta Correcta:

Medical Diagnosis and Terminology

• Diagnosis of exclusion: Diagnosis made by ruling out other diseases.
• Diagnostician: A medical professional who specializes in making diagnoses.
• Clinical diagnosis: Diagnosis made by looking at symptoms.
• Principal diagnosis: The main problem the patient needs treatment for.
• Pattern recognition: Knowing what symptoms match which disease.
• Laboratory diagnosis: Diagnosis made using lab test results.
• Radiology diagnosis: Diagnosis made from medical images (like X-rays).
• Antimicrobial: Kills or stops germs like bacteria or fungi.
• Biohazard: Something biological that can be dangerous (like viruses).
• Transmit: To spread an illness to another person.
• Bacteria: Tiny living things that can cause infections.
• Hand sanitizer: Gel or

Diapo 1:

Hello my name is Alex and today I'm going to explain my ranking of nightclubs.

Diapo 2

Don't trust someone who tells you that they don't like the party; There's no discussion

Diapo 3: 

Now i want to ask you two things: First; who has tried alcohol? And what's your favourite drink?

Diapo 4:

Okay, we're going to start with the worst nightclub… The top 6 is fooooor:

Diapo 5

La cage SALOU, I went in August of the last year and I didn't like it because there were many foreigners, the music was a shit and all the things were very expensive, (The ticket on a Tuesday cost 20 euros).

Diapo 6: 

Okay, the top 5 is for...

Diapo 7: 

Tropic Lloret!!! I went the last Friday and there were A LOT OF foreigners, the music was well, but sometimes the DJ played... Continue reading "Good morning, have you got" »

Hospital Management System: Context Level DFD

+-------------------+
|      Patient      |
+-------------------+
          |
          | Appointment / Details
          v
+--------------------------------------------+
|    (0) Hospital Management System          |
+--------------------------------------------+
          ^
          | Reports / Bills
+-------------------+
|  Doctor / Admin   |
+-------------------+
          ^
          |
+-------------------+
|  Pharmacy / Lab   |
+-------------------+

System Entities and Data Flow

This context diagram illustrates the primary interactions with the central system:

• External Entities: Patient, Doctor/Admin, Pharmacy/Lab.
• Central Process: The Hospital Management System (Process 0).
• Data Flow: Information

Respiratory Conditions: Key Summaries

Bronchial Asthma

Reversible airway hyperresponsiveness.

Atopic Triad

• Asthma
• Rhinitis
• Dermatitis

Mechanism: IgE mediated, involving eosinophils (leading to bronchospasm, mucus, and edema).

Chronic Changes: Fibrosis and smooth muscle hypertrophy.

Clinical Presentation

• Wheeze
• Dyspnea
• Cough
• Chest tightness

Diagnosis

• FEV1 < 80%
• FEV1/FVC < 80%
• Reversibility test > 12%

Acute Severe Features

Arrhythmia, cyanosis, hypoxia, silent chest.

Treatment

1. SABA (Salbutamol)
2. Low ICS (Fluticasone)
3. ICS + LABA (Formoterol)

Acute Management

Oxygen, nebulized SABA, Ipratropium, systemic corticosteroids, IV magnesium sulfate. Mechanical ventilation if severe.

Pneumonias (12-16)

Community Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) Pathogens

Streptococcus pneumoniae,... Continue reading "Respiratory Conditions: Asthma, Pneumonia, and Tuberculosis Summary" »

How to Eat for a Better Mind

What we eat impacts not only our body but also our mind, as it directly affects the structure and function of our brain.

Eating a healthy, balanced diet can improve brain function, mood, and attention, while lowering the risk of anxiety and depression. So-called "brain foods"—such as berries, dark chocolate, green tea, nuts, and salmon—are rich in vitamins, antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, and other nutrients that our brain needs to function at its best.

Just as important as eating well is avoiding harmful foods. A diet high in sugar, fats, processed foods, and alcohol is linked to diminished brain function and worsened symptoms of mood disorders.

In summary, we all have the power to improve our nutrition to help... Continue reading "Optimize Brain Health: Nutrition, Coffee, and Bilingualism" »

Reading 1: The Biology of Sleep and Night Owls

Many teenagers, like Brian, struggle to wake up for school. While teachers might perceive them as lazy, science suggests a different reason. Every human has an internal body clock, or chronotype, controlled by "clock genes." In teenagers, the body releases melatonin (the sleep hormone) much later than in adults. This means their brains are not ready to sleep until 11:00 p.m. or later. When they must wake up at 7:00 a.m., they suffer from social jet lag and feel exhausted. Scientists suggest that starting school later could make students more focused and productive.

Comprehension Questions

• True or False? Teenagers are tired in the morning because they are irresponsible.
  Answer: False. Quote: "Science

Vocabulary and Contextual Synonyms

1. Without consulting the dictionary, suggest 1 alternative for the following words and phrases in the text, replacing them exactly as required in the context:

• a) clobber (1:5): assault
• b) settled (3:1): resolved
• c) peers (4:2): partners or colleagues

Central Idea and Textual Analysis

2. Restate the central idea of the text in one sentence.

• Respuesta: Violence doesn't guarantee success; therefore, problems and controversies are mostly resolved without violent acts.

Metaphorical Language and Punctuation

3. Why has the author enclosed the word "merchandise" in inverted commas? Explain.

• Respuesta: It is expressed metaphorically. Despite the fact that a controversial case has already been solved, it can still resurface

Past Habits and Repeated Actions

• Would (always/never) + base form: He would never say he was too tired.
• (Always/never) used to + base form: My dad always used to throw a softball for me.
• Be + always + -ing verb: My little sister was always sneaking into my room.

Expressing Wishes and Desired Changes

Subject + wish + subject + would + verb: Use wish + would for behavior that a person can actively change. Do not use this for facts or states. Example: "I wish I wouldn't wear a uniform."

Stative vs. Dynamic Verbs

• Stative verbs: These mean having an opinion or mental state (e.g., believe, feel, know, like).
• Non-stative verbs: These mean having a plan or action.
• Categories: Senses (look, hear, seem, sound), Communication (agree, deny, mean, promise, prefer)

80 Essential English Irregular Verbs

Verb Conjugations: Past Simple and Past Participle

• 1. Be: was/were, been
• 2. Beat: beat, beaten
• 3. Become: became, become
• 4. Begin: began, begun
• 5. Bet: bet, bet
• 6. Break: broke, broken
• 7. Bring: brought, brought
• 8. Broadcast: broadcast, broadcast
• 9. Build: built, built
• 10. Buy: bought, bought
• 11. Catch: caught, caught
• 12. Choose: chose, chosen
• 13. Come: came, come
• 14. Cost: cost, cost
• 15. Cut: cut, cut
• 16. Do: did, done
• 17. Draw: drew, drawn
• 18. Drink: drank, drunk
• 19. Drive: drove, driven
• 20. Eat: ate, eaten
• 21. Fall: fell, fallen
• 22. Feed: fed, fed
• 23. Feel: felt, felt
• 24. Fight: fought, fought
• 25. Find: found, found
• 26. Fly: flew, flown
• 27. Forget: forgot, forgotten
• 28. Get: got, got
• 29. Give: gave, given
• 30. Go: went, gone
• 31. Grow: