Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

Essential English Vocabulary for Health & Fitness

Expand your English vocabulary with these key terms related to health, fitness, and everyday situations. Each word includes its Spanish translation and a clear English definition.

1. Avoid

• Evitar
• To stay away from something.

2. Break Up

• Terminar (una relación)
• To end a romantic relationship.

3. Catch a Cold

• Resfriarse
• To become sick with a cold.

4. Chase

• Perseguir
• To run after something or someone.

5. Come Down With

• Caer enfermo de
• To get an illness.

6. Cut Down On

• Reducir
• To use or do less of something.

7. Deal With

• Lidiar con
• To handle a problem or situation.

8. Disease

• Enfermedad
• An illness that affects the body.

9. Enable

• Permitir
• To make something possible.

10. Endurance

• Resistencia
• The ability to keep going without

Hospital Departments and Medical Specialties

• Dermatology: It treats diseases of the skin.
• Hematology: It studies blood disorders.
• Pharmacy: It dispenses medicines.
• Cardiology: It specializes in the heart.
• Surgery: It performs operations on patients.
• Physiotherapy: It designs special exercises for patients.
• Paediatrics: It deals with sick children.
• Pathology: It studies illnesses and analyses samples.
• Renal Unit: It treats kidney diseases.
• Obstetrics: It specializes in pregnancy and birth.
• Orthopaedics: It treats bones.
• Neurology: It treats disorders of the nervous system.

Medical Professions and Their Roles

1. A paediatrician treats children.
2. A midwife attends births and delivers babies.
3. A cardiologist specializes in illnesses of the heart and blood vessels.
4. A

Health and Well-being Vocabulary

• Burn off
• Complexion
• Craze (a popular trend or fashion)
• Do (something/someone) the world of good
• Fad (a short-term trend)
• Get back into shape
• Mindfulness
• Pull a muscle
• Stamina
• Therapeutic
• Well-being
• Wrinkle (a crease or line in the skin)
• Aches and pains
• (As) Fit as a fiddle
• Be the picture of health
• Be back on your feet
• Be full of beans
• Hard of hearing
• (Have) A frog in your throat
• Off-colour (slightly ill)
• Alleviate symptoms
• Be prescribed medication
• Consult a specialist
• Contract an illness
• Have an operation
• Have treatment
• Miss an appointment
• Sustain an injury (suffer physical damage due to an accident)

Challenges, Progress, and Success Terms

• A long shot (a remote possibility)
• Be more than you bargained for
• On track (making progress and likely

Difference in Cavity Preparation: Amalgam vs. Class II Inlay

Silver Amalgam Preparation

Silver amalgam preparations follow specific criteria designed for mechanical retention and resistance:

• Outline Form: Narrow, converging occlusally.
• Cavity Width: Kept at one-fourth the intercuspal distance.
• Burs Used: No. 245 and 330.
• Occlusal Cavosurface Angle (CSA): 90 degrees, establishing a butt joint with the amalgam.
• Gingival Bevel: In the range of 15 to 20 degrees.
• Retention: Undercuts in the preparation improve restoration retention.
• Proximal Clearance: Minimal clearance, not more than 0.5 mm from the adjacent tooth.
• Gingival Seat: Ideally kept supragingivally.
• Secondary Retention: Provided by grooves, slots, pins, and amalgam pins.
• Proximal Walls: Provide primary

Maritime Incident Report: Ocean Star Fire

The cargo ship Ocean Star was en route to Singapore with an estimated time of arrival (ETA) of 18:00 when its engine room suddenly caught fire. The crew bravely attempted to extinguish the flames, but thick smoke quickly spread throughout the vessel. The captain promptly sent a distress call, reporting their position as 15°N, 104°E. Nearby ships altered their course to assist, and emergency services were alerted to be on standby at the nearest port. By 17:45, the fire was brought under control, but the ship remained adrift, awaiting tugboats for safe harbor. This incident highlights the critical importance of effective maritime emergency procedures and communication.

Essential Maritime Vocabulary

Key

-Techniques of putting very cold -water on your face

“Tek-niks of pu-ting veri kold wo-ter on yor feis”

-If these techniques do not work, -you may need:

“If diz tek-niks do not werk, yu may nid:”

-an injection of medicine into a vein -to reset your heart rhythm

“an in-yek-shon of med-i-sin in-to a vein to ri-set yor jart ri-zum”

-a procedure that uses electricity -to reset your heart rhythm 

-(electrical cardioversion)

“a pro-si-jer dat yu-zes e-lek-tri-si-ti to ri-set yor jart ri-zum (e-lek-tri-cal car-dio-ver-shon)”

⸻

-Treatment to prevent symptoms

“Trit-ment to pri-vent simp-toms”

-If you keep getting symptoms or if -you’re at risk of having a very fast -heartbeat that becomes life

-threatening, you may be offered -treatment... Continue reading "Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome: Symptoms and Treatments" »

Language and Communication

• Accent, cognate, comment on, idiom (frase hecha), mother tongue, proverb (refrán), slang.
• Isolated, cut off, get through (comunicarse), lose signal, on speakerphone, plug in (enchufar), run out of battery, swipe (arrastrar), tag sb (etiquetar), suffer (resentirse).

Sports and Wellbeing

• Cheer (animar), drop out (of a race) (abandonar), get through (to the final) (llegar), sign up, sporty (aficionado al deporte), substitute (suplente), wellbeing (bienestar).
• Come up with (ocurrírsele), end up (acabar), go ahead (seguir), keep track of (controlar), take over (tomar el relevo), work out (calcular).
• Be mindful (ser consciente), cut out (eliminar), enrol (in a class) (apuntarse), gain perspective (lograr perspectiva), get in

Key Definitions: Science, Security, and Social Terms

Scientific and Medical Vocabulary

Acid

A liquid chemical that can burn what it touches.

Bacteria

The simplest and smallest forms of life, some of which can cause diseases.

Biology

The scientific study of all living things (plants and animals).

Cancer

A diseased growth in the body which can cause death.

Gene

An extremely small chemical unit which passes qualities from parents to children.

Genetics

The study of genes and how they work.

Mathematics

The science of numbers.

Physics

The scientific study of light, heat, and sound.

Virus

A simple organism smaller than bacteria, which causes infectious diseases.

Security, Technology, and Finance Terms

Airlock

A small room with an airtight door at each end.

Auction

A sale... Continue reading "Essential Vocabulary: Science, Security, and Social Terms" »

English Grammar: Past, Present, and Future

Past Tenses

• Past Simple: V2 (+I went, -I didn’t go, ?Did I go)
• Past Continuous: was/were + V-ing (+I was reading, -I wasn’t reading, ?Was I reading)
• Past Perfect: had + V3 (+She had left, -She hadn’t left, ?Had she left; already = уже, just = только что)
• Used to: used to + inf (+I used to play, -I didn’t use to play, ?Did you use to play)
• Would: would + inf (only for habits, +She would go)

Present Perfect Tenses

• Present Perfect Simple: have/has + V3 (+I’ve lost my keys, -I haven’t lost my keys, ?Have you lost your keys?) – used with for/since
• Present Perfect Continuous: have/has been + V-ing (+I’ve been studying for 2 hours, -I haven’t been studying, ?Have you been studying?) –

🧪 Topic 70: Lincosamides, Amphenicols, Polymyxins

Lincosamides (e.g., Clindamycin)

• MOA: Binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit → inhibits peptide translocation → blocks protein synthesis (bacteriostatic).

• Use: Anaerobic infections (e.g., Clostridium perfringens, Bacteroides), aspiration pneumonia, oral infections, invasive Streptococcus infections.

• Adverse effects: Diarrhea, pseudomembranous colitis (C. difficile), fever.

• Contraindication: Pregnancy (first trimester).

Amphenicols (e.g., Chloramphenicol)

• MOA: Inhibits peptidyltransferase on the 50S subunit → blocks protein synthesis (bacteriostatic).

• Use: Meningitis (H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae), Rickettsial infections.

• Adverse effects: Bone marrow suppression (aplastic anemia)