Mastering English Grammar Structures and Vocabulary

Past Habits and Repeated Actions

• Would (always/never) + base form: He would never say he was too tired.
• (Always/never) used to + base form: My dad always used to throw a softball for me.
• Be + always + -ing verb: My little sister was always sneaking into my room.

Expressing Wishes and Desired Changes

Subject + wish + subject + would + verb: Use wish + would for behavior that a person can actively change. Do not use this for facts or states. Example: "I wish I wouldn't wear a uniform."

Stative vs. Dynamic Verbs

• Stative verbs: These mean having an opinion or mental state (e.g., believe, feel, know, like).
• Non-stative verbs: These mean having a plan or action.
• Categories: Senses (look, hear, seem, sound), Communication (agree, deny, mean, promise, prefer).

Comparative Structures for Change

• Repeated comparatives: Used to describe how something changes gradually over time (e.g., comparative and comparative, more and more + multi-syllable adjective, less and less).
• Double comparatives: Used to describe how one thing changes as a result of a change in something else (e.g., the + comparative + subject + verb). (ceabdf)

Tense Shifts in Reported Speech

• Present → Past
• Present Continuous → Past Continuous
• Past → Past Perfect
• Present Perfect → Past Perfect
• Will → Would
• Can → Could
• May → Might
• Have to / Must → Had to
• Past Perfect → Past Perfect

Linking Words and Connectors

• To talk generally: In general, on the whole. (facebd) (I think)
• To introduce a result: As a result, as a consequence.
• To introduce an additional point: Another thing, what's more.
• To introduce a contrasting point: On the other hand, that said.

Relative Pronouns for Specific Contexts

• What: The things which.
• When: The times when.
• Where: The places where.

The Third Conditional

Structure: If + past perfect, would have + past participle.

Example: If I had studied medicine, I could have fulfilled my ambition.

Use: We use the third conditional to imagine a different past and its result.

Passive Voice and Business Vocabulary

Passive Voice: Simple present, simple past, present progressive (am being), present perfect, and past perfect.

Vocabulary:

• Retail price (precio de venta)
• Charge (cobrar)
• Tap water (agua de la llave)
• Shipping (envío/transporte)
• Profit (ganancias)
• Source (fuente)
• Refill (rellenar)
• Deliver (entregar)

Expressing Purpose

• For + gerund: Used to show the purpose of a thing or material.
• To + base form: Used to say why a person or animal uses or does something.
• So + noun clause: Used to talk about purpose.
• In order to / So as to + base form: Used to talk about purpose.

Verb Patterns with Gerunds

• Verb + gerund: Like, dislike, hate, can't stand, don't mind, love, enjoy, avoid, finish, stop.
• Verb + preposition + gerund: Be/get used to, be tired of, be excited about, be interested in, keep on, complain about.