Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for History

The Weimar Republic's Fragility

Early Challenges and Opposition

The provisional government repressed the Spartacist Revolt in 1919, led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, which aimed to impose a communist regime. A constituent assembly then passed a constitution in the city of Weimar, establishing Germany as a democratic republic. This new democracy faced significant opposition from extremist groups:

• The extreme left believed the regime was too moderate.
• The extreme right believed the new regime had betrayed Germany by accepting the Treaty of Versailles.

Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party

Party Formation and Early Actions

Adolf Hitler joined the German Workers' Party (DAP), which later became the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP).... Continue reading "The Genesis of Nazism: From Weimar's Weakness to Hitler's Chancellorship" »

The French Revolution: A Timeline

The Assembly of Notables

Why did that happen?

France was in a dire state due to wars. King Louis XVI called upon the nobles to convince them of a new financial plan.

What was it?

The Assembly of Notables was a group of important nobles who tried to solve France's tax problems but failed to reach a solution.

Why does it matter?

This was the last Assembly of Notables. It did not solve anything. It led to Louis XVI dismissing his finance minister and calling the Estates-General.

Meeting of the Estates-General (1789)

Why did that happen?

France still needed to find a way to raise money. Louis XVI called the Estates-General to address France's financial crisis.

What were the Estates-General?

It was a meeting of the general... Continue reading "French Revolution: Key Events and Timeline 1789-1793" »

Russia's Revolutionary Landscape (Early 1900s)

From the beginning of the 20th century, there were three principal revolutionary parties in Russia:

• The Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs): Their main base of support was the peasantry. Influenced by anarchism, they frequently resorted to political terror.
• The Social Democrats: Following the classic doctrines of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, they believed that the development of capitalism would create a radicalized proletariat that would eventually stage a revolution and introduce socialism. They rejected political terror as futile.
• The Constitutional Democrats (Kadets): This party stood for representation in Parliament and the drafting and passing of a Constitution.

The Social Democratic Split

England in the Eighteenth Century

Two parables exist about the making and meanings of the British Empire. The first involves a man shipwrecked on a desert island. Despair gives way to resolution, Protestant faith, and ingenuity, allowing him to subdue his environment. He encounters a black man, names him, and makes him a servant. Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe (1719) portrays empire-making as seizing land, planting it, and changing it, employing guns, technology, trade, and the Bible to impose rule and subordinate those of different skin pigmentation or religion.

Critique of Empire: Gulliver's Perspective

Gulliver observed that locals were deemed "harmless people" due to their perceived weakness. Consequently, their lands were seized and renamed.... Continue reading "England's Empire in the 18th Century: Expansion and Critique" »

Understanding Feudalism: Essential Terms

Vassalage (Vasallaje)

The position of subordination or submission within the feudal system, where a vassal holds land from a lord in exchange for allegiance and service.

Fiefdom (Feudo)

An area of land possessed by a nobleman in exchange for feudal service to a lord.

Serfdom (Servidumbre)

The state of being a serf or feudal laborer, bound to the land and subject to the will of the lord.

Homage (Homenaje)

Special honor or respect shown publicly, often as a formal pledge of allegiance from a vassal to a lord.

Investiture (Investidura)

The formal action of investing a person with honors or rank, particularly in the context of granting a fief or office.

Feudal Lord (Señor Feudal)

The superior figure in feudal Europe,... Continue reading "Feudal Society: Key Terms and Definitions" »

Medieval Spanish Society: 8th-14th Centuries

Social Structure

Society was based on estates and had a pyramidal structure. At the top was the king.

• Privileged Estates
  • Nobility:
    • High nobles or ricoshombres (counts, marquises, and dukes) lived from their lands.
    • Low nobility, infanzones: in service of a member of the high nobility.
  • Clergy: Bishops, abbots, and grand masters of military orders.
• Non-privileged Estates
  • Peasants: The largest group. They were either owners or coloni of the land they farmed. Coloni were dependent on a feudal lord.
  • Bourgeoisie: Became more important as the cities grew bigger.

The Coexistence of Three Cultures

In the Christian kingdoms, Christians, Mudejars, and Jews all lived together. There was peaceful coexistence for a large part... Continue reading "Medieval Spanish Society, Culture, and Art: 8th-14th Centuries" »

UNIT 1: THE 18TH CENTURY. THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

1. Enlightenment:

• In what century and in what country did it begin?

During the 18th century, in France

• State three characteristics of the Enlightenment

Confidence in reason = believing that is the only way to understand the world and achieve progress and happiness

Faith in human progress = achieved through the advances made in science, which should lead all people to happiness

• Indicate one important philosopher and describe his thinking.

Voltaire: 'Let us read, and let’s us dance; these two amusements never do any harm to the world'

2. The American Revolution

• Indicate two causes why they wanted to be independent

1) Discontent of the colonies who lacked representation in British parliament

2) The da park

The Burgos Trials and Public Opinion

When, in December 1970, fourteen people supposedly implicated in the Manzanas assassination went to military trial in Burgos, the prosecution requested the death penalty for six of their number. However, a massive sway of public opinion against the state (domestically and internationally) and the bad publicity that the trial had generated for the Franco regime forced the authorities to back down. The death penalties were commuted to life sentences.

ETA's Transformation and Factionalism

After 1970, ETA received many new recruits, some of former EGI members and many working-class youths from the industrial towns of the Basque Country. As a result, ETA became much more of an urban guerrilla movement and during... Continue reading "The History and Evolution of ETA: From Its Origins to the Death of Franco" »

• Carriage - transporte: Transport
• Liability - responsabilidad: Responsibility
• Contract Rate - tasas de contrato: Low freight rate promised by a carrier for an extended period, in exchange for a large volume commitment from a customer.
• Commodity - mercancia: Article of trade or commerce.
• Merchandise - mercancia: Commercial goods; commodities.
• Shipment - envio: Act of sending something, usually a large quantity of objects to a place far away.
• Facility - instalaciones: A place, especially including buildings, where a particular activity happens.
• Freight/Cargo - carga: Goods carried by a ship, aircraft, or other vehicle.
• Inland - tierra adentro: In the interior of a country or region, away from a sea or border.
• In Bulk - a granel: In large quantities; unpackaged.

The Bolshevik Seizure of Power

Lenin and Trotsky, from the outset, aimed to consolidate power within the Bolshevik Party. This unprecedented structure placed true authority in the hands of a private entity, "the Party." Bolsheviks held key positions within the state apparatus, overseen by the Council of People's Commissars.

Despite pledging to convene and honor the Constituent Assembly, the Bolsheviks, aware of their minority standing, employed delaying tactics. The elections, however, proceeded, resulting in a Socialist Revolutionary majority. The dissolution of Russia's first democratically elected legislature marked the dawn of Bolshevik dictatorship. In March 1918, the Bolshevik Party rebranded as the Russian Communist Party, distinguishing... Continue reading "The Rise of the Bolsheviks and the Transformation of Russia" »