Victorian Era to Weltpolitik: 19th Century European Politics
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Victorian Era
The Victorian era, coinciding with the reign of Queen Victoria I, marked the peak of the UK's territorial expansion and financial consolidation. This period solidified democratic practices in the UK.
Bipartisanship
The British parliamentary model is characterized by its marked bipartisanship, with power alternating between two main parties: the Conservatives, led by figures like Disraeli, and the Whigs or Liberals, with Gladstone as a prominent leader.
Bicameralism
The British parliamentary model introduced bicameralism, dividing Parliament into two representative chambers: the House of Commons and the House of Lords. Members of the Commons are elected and hold legislative power. The Lords comprises members of the nobility and individuals with significant political, social, economic, or cultural influence.
Labor Party
Around 1893, a socialist party emerged, challenging the Whigs. For the first time in UK history, the lower classes gained a voice and vote in the House of Commons and political life.
Home Rule
In 1896, the UK granted Ireland Home Rule, allowing political autonomy, especially in domestic affairs, including its own parliament and government. This was a direct result of the Irish people's desire for independence and aimed to resolve the Irish question. Ireland became independent by 1920, except for Ulster.
Affaire Dreyfus
In 1894, Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer in France, was falsely accused of treason, convicted based on fabricated evidence.
Realpolitik
Realpolitik refers to German political realism. It's a governmental policy prioritizing results over theoretical or moral principles, primarily employed by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck in both domestic and foreign affairs.
Weltpolitik
Weltpolitik, meaning global politics, was developed by Emperor Wilhelm II of Germany. It aimed to globalize German politics through colonial expansion in Africa and the Pacific. This new political direction led to diplomatic confrontations with France, particularly concerning Morocco.