Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of History

War Against the United States (1898)

Causes of the Spanish-American War

The main cause of the Spanish-American War was the Cuban struggle for independence. The Cuban War of Independence (Ten Years' War, 1868-1878) was a conflict that arose during the revolutionary period in Spain, known as the *Sexenio Democrático*, and coincided with the American Civil War and Reconstruction Era. A key point of contention was the abolition of slavery. While Spain had abolished slavery in Europe, its colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico relied heavily on the labor of enslaved Africans in vast tobacco and sugar plantations. The profits from these plantations largely benefited the Catalan bourgeoisie.

The proposal to abolish slavery was met with resistance. Creoles... Continue reading "The Spanish-American War of 1898: A Detailed Account" »

Catalan Nationalism and the Basque Nationalist Defense

As a Catalan nationalist defense of the charters, an atmosphere was created, but other characteristics of the modern middle class were not found. Provincial legislation to repeal the historical and philosophical impact of two answers: the use of a particular situation and giving up some of the concert in Madrid, while other economic traditionalism into the charters, maintaining a full recovery was made in favor of.

These were lost in the Carlist War, and the charters for them to leave the entire defense of *euskaltasunaren* cord. Sabino Arana was the driving force behind the nineties *Euskara Abertsaletasunaren hamrkdan*. Social ideas were tied together and were clear. The old motto was God... Continue reading "Catalan Nationalism and Industrialization in the Basque Country" »

The Popular Front (February 1936 - July 1936)

The harsh repression against the *left* during the *right-wing* biennium enabled the union of forces against the conservative government. The election on February 16, 1936, formed two blocks of clear antagonism: the Right and Left.

1. The Elections of February 1936

The parties of the *left* were grouped in the Popular Front, an electoral coalition based on a common program that defended the position of amnesty for those jailed for the 1934 revolution of October, restoration of fees and jobs for those retaliated against for political reasons, and the application of amended legislation that was suspended by the radical coalition succeeded by CEDA (Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rights). The *right-

The Spanish Constitution of 1931

The first step of the new government, headed by Manuel Azaña, was the drafting of a constitution, leading to 1931, whose principles were:

• It defined Spain as a "democratic republic of workers of all kinds," organized in a system of "freedom and justice."
• Proclaimed equality before the law and gave a comprehensive statement of rights.
• The state was unique but admitted possible regional autonomy.
• Recognized private property, although it admitted the possibility of compensation prior to expropriation, provided that the national interest demanded it.
• The courts acquired great power, both legislative and control over the government, and consisted of a single chamber elected by universal suffrage, also including women.

The Liberal Republic (1861-1891)

Aníbal Pinto G. (President)

• Allowed the entry of women to the University
• Secondary Education Act
• Faced regalist government positions
• International Economic Crisis
• Started the Pacific War
• Gave away Patagonia
• Home pacification of Araucanía

Domingo Santa María (President)

• Secular laws
• Cemeteries Lay Act
• Creation of civil registration and civil marriage
• Further extension of the law of incompatibility
• Gave away Patagonia
• End of the Pacific War

José Manuel Balmaceda (President)

• Founded the Catholic University
• Pedagogical Institute
• Civil War
• MOP Foundation
• Railroad construction
• Upgrading of roads
• Water supply

The Pacific War (War of the Pacific)

Causes

Economic: Seizing the rich nitrate zone (Peru, Chile, and Bolivia) to face the 1878 global... Continue reading "Chilean History: Liberal Republic, Pacific War, and Indigenous Rights" »

The Rise of Citizen Assemblies in Medieval Europe

In England, the presence of citizens and "ordinary people" in assemblies coincided with the achievement of freedom and the absolute failure of the first half of the thirteenth century. After the Magna Carta, King John summoned a meeting in Oxford, attended by representatives of the counties to discuss the affairs of the kingdom.

The turnout of people from cities to the curiae convened by the Kings is located in Western Europe at various times of the thirteenth or fourteenth century. They were present in 1188 at the meeting convened by Alfonso IX in Leon, where the king met with clergy, nobles, and citizens.

Why Did Alfonso IX Convene the Meeting of 1188?

Probably, as Professor Arvizu suggests, to... Continue reading "Early Assemblies and the Curia Regia in Medieval Spain" »

Venezuelan National Armed Forces

Overview

The National Armed Forces of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela comprise 157,000 to 189,000 men and women. Article 328 of the National Constitution establishes the following components:

• Army
• Navy
• Air Force (Aviation)
• National Guard
• National Militia

The armed forces' primary roles include defending national territory, airspace, and islands; combating drug trafficking; conducting search and rescue operations; and providing civil protection during disasters. While all male citizens are legally obligated to register upon turning 18 (the age of majority), military service is currently voluntary.

Army

The Venezuelan Army consists of approximately 120,350 personnel, including conscripts. Its main function is planning,... Continue reading "Venezuelan National Armed Forces: Structure and Roles" »

Political and Economic Developments of the Franco Regime

1. The Postwar Period (1939-1950)

• a) World War II (1939-1945)
  • Foreign policy: (1939-1941) neutrality, (1941-1943) non-belligerence, sympathy towards the Axis, Blue Division, (1943-1945) neutrality.
  • Autarky (self-sufficiency), hunger.
  • Institutionalization of the Spanish courts law regime (1942), jurisdiction of the Spanish (1945).
• b) International Isolation (1945-1950)
  • Political: Withdrawal of ambassadors from Spain, Spain did not join the UN.
  • Economy: No commercial relationships with Spain, hunger.
  • Franco presents international isolation as a Judeo-Masonic conspiracy against Spain.
  • Institutionalization of the regime: The National Referendum Act (1945), Law of Succession (1947).

2. The Cold War and

The General Strike: A Tool for Change

The General Strike was threatened as a necessary measure if the situation for workers did not improve. It acted as a powerful weapon because it prevented the bourgeoisie from profiting from the exploitation of the labor movement when workers refused to work.

The 'measures deemed appropriate' alluded to actions such as:

• Derailing trains and trams
• Threatening owners of stores that remained open during the strike (scabs)
• Picketing (where subversive groups sometimes used violence against scabs)
• Proclaiming an indefinite strike

An example involved women carrying republican flags who forced shops to close.

Historical Context: Seeds of Unrest

This societal struggle had been ongoing for a long time. Consider the Revolutionary

Traits of Fascism

Fascism emerged in Italy after the First World War and became the most prominent ideology in the interwar period. The anti-parliamentary and anti-fascist stance became the main dividing line between political parties and citizens. Key doctrinal principles that characterize fascism include:

Radical Nationalism

Fascism often embodies the nationalism of peoples defeated in a contest or defrauded for not achieving what they consider a right. This radical nationalism easily transitions into imperialism, land claims, and an aggressive, militaristic, and anti-liberal policy.

Anti-Parliamentarianism

Fascism encourages the submission of the individual and the denial of personal freedoms. Individuals are subordinate to the dictatorial state,... Continue reading "Understanding Fascism: Key Traits, Rise of Mussolini, and Italy After WWI" »