Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Economy

Problemas en las plataformas online

Las plataformas pueden realizar cambios repentinos e inexplicables en los términos y condiciones para las empresas, redactados en un lenguaje claro e inteligible. No se informa claramente ni se da una razón para la terminación o suspensión de una cuenta, incluyendo el motivo por el cual una oferta puede ser eliminada. Deben proporcionar a los usuarios comerciales la razón de la suspensión de servicios. Las políticas sobre el acceso a los datos no están claras, deben formular y publicar políticas generales sobre cómo se puede acceder a los datos generados a través de sus servicios. Las reglas de clasificación no están claras, deben informar claramente a las empresas. Favorecimiento del propio servicio... Continue reading "Problemas en las plataformas online y casos de estudio" »

Address the least developed countries' special needs:

• Tariff- and quota-free access for their exports
• Enhanced debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries
• Cancellation of official bilateral debt

Address the special needs of landlocked and small island developing states.

Deal comprehensively with developing countries' debt problems.

Develop decent and productive work for youth.

In cooperation with pharmaceutical companies, provide access to affordable essential drugs in developing countries.

Activity: Global Public Good

i. Choosing one global public good. Argue why it should be considered as a global public good.

- Author defines global public good as a good, service, or resource that is available for all because it involves non-rivalry and non-excludability.... Continue reading "Developing a Global Partnership for Development: Addressing Special Needs and Debt Problems" »

troškovna primjena??

How to use implications of multiple output cost functions?

Economies of Scope and Cost Complementarity

Economies of scope

• total cost of producing both products together is less than the total cost of producing both products separately

Implications for managerial decision making: managers alert to the possibility of profitably extending the product line to exploit economies of scope: reasons for mergers and acquisitions, reasons for not disinvesting a product line

Cost complementarity

• exists when the marginal cost of producing one output is reduced when the output of another product is increased:

Example of specialized investment

An investment in a particular exchange that cannot be recovered in another trading relationship

• Eg. Spending

  The rise of finance capitalism affected an organisation of work, the development of consumerism, economic inability and the expansion of international trade.

THE ORGANISATION OF WORK

  The assembly line developed: each worker specialised in a task, such as placing a nut. Henry Ford was the first to use the assembly line in his car manufacturing company.

THE BIRTH OF THE CONSUMER SOCIETY

  The consumer society led to a new way of thinking; people began to value material wellbeing highly.

  *The upper class was the only social group that could afford luxury items.

  *The lower class had lower wages and couldn't afford luxury items.

Traditional Data refers to commonly used structured internal data (such as transactional) and external data (such as information from credit Bureaus) that are used in the decision-making process. It may include data that Are generated from interaction with clients such as surveys, registration Forms, salary, and demographic information traditional data sources refer to Internal data sources such as core account management system transactions, Client surveys, registration forms, or demographic information.

Geospatial Data (non traditional data) refers to data that Contain locational information, such as global positioning system (GPS) Coordinates, addresses, cities, and other geographic or proximity identifiers. In recent years, very granular

How do we assess the sources of sustainable competitive advantage

-VRIO, SWOT

Is Apple going to sustain a competitive advantage     

-Sources of Apple’s CA

-Why has it been sustainable

oValuable

oRare,

oInimitable

§Legal mechanisms (patents), path dependence/time Compression diseconomies, casual ambiguity, social complexity/interdependencies Between R&Cs

oOrganized to capture value

-Will it stay sustainable

oSome resources and capabilities may degrade or Depreciate over time

§Natural resources (oil well), genius CEO, Expensive equipment

oR&Cs may also lose value if they become less Useful in creating value because the environment/markets have shifted

§“Fatburger” brand in times of health Consciousness, “Rustic” + “Minimalist”... Continue reading "When a competitive market becomes controlled by a monopoly, the price ________ and the output ________." »

Today, organizations are facing a greater need to adapt to new realities. This often results in organizational change. The process of implementing change in an organization is often complex and challenging for most managers. To increase the chances of successful implementation, it is recommended to use some version of a change model. One of the most popular models is John Kotter's 8-step change model, which includes the following specific steps:

1. Establish a sense of urgency
2. Create the guiding coalition
3. Develop a vision and strategy
4. Communicate the change vision
5. Empower broad-based action
6. Generate short-term wins
7. Consolidate gains to produce more change
8. Anchor change in the organization's culture

Establish a Sense of Urgency

First, the organization needs... Continue reading "Kotter's 8-Step Change Practice: A Guide for Successful Implementation" »

Minimum Level or Safety Stock

The minimum level is the minimum quantity of the material which must be maintained in hand at all times. The quantity is fixed so that the production is not held up due to shortage of the materials. In fixing this level, the following factors should be considered:

• Lead time i.e. time lag between indenting and receiving of the material. It is the time required to replenish the supply.
• Rate of consumption of the material during the lead time.
• Nature of the material. Minimum level is not required in case of a special material which is required against customer’s specific order.

Maximum Stock Level

It is the maximum of stock which should be held in stock at any time during the year. The quantity is fixed so as to avoid... Continue reading "Inventory Management Techniques and Time-Keeping Methods" »

Marketing Management

1. Marketing Concept – is the philosophy that firms should analyze the needs of their customers and then make decisions to satisfy those needs.

Market orientation to Customer needs.

2. Porter’s 5 forces – theory based on the concept that there are five forces that determine the competitive intensity and attractiveness of a market. P5F help to identify where power lies in a business situation.

Competition (Supplier Power, Threat of new entry, Buyer power, Threat of substitute product)

Examples: 1) Supplier power, such as "switching" costs, availability of alternative suppliers, degree of labor solidarity, and the sensitivity of selling price to supply costs.

2) Threat of new entry, such as barriers to entry (i.e. patents,... Continue reading "Marketing Management and Consumer Behavior" »

CHAPTER 14: Material Requirements Planning (MRP)

Independent vs. Dependent Demand

Independent Demand

Finished goods, such as computers, have independent demand, meaning their demand is uncertain and influenced by external factors.

Dependent Demand

Components of finished products, like computer parts, have dependent demand, meaning their demand is certain and directly related to the demand for the finished product.

What is Material Requirements Planning (MRP)?

Material Requirements Planning (MRP) is a dependent demand technique that uses a bill-of-material, inventory data, expected receipts, and a master production schedule to determine the materials and components needed to produce finished goods.

Benefits of MRP

• Better response to customer orders
• Faster