Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Baccalaureate

The Mole Concept

The mole concept is an International System unit of measurement for a substance. It is also represented by carbon-12, and 1 mole is equal to Avogadro's number (6.022 x 10^23).

The Periodic Table's Role in Stoichiometric Calculations

We use the periodic table to get values for given elements in a reaction to obtain their atomic values. We can then use these values for conversion from grams to moles or moles to grams in stoichiometric-based problems (gram/mole, mole-gram conversions).

Heat vs. Enthalpy

Heat is the energy that flows between a system and its surroundings due to a difference in temperature.

Enthalpy is equivalent to the total heat content of a system.

Why Only Enthalpy Explains Energy Associated with Chemical Bonds

Because... Continue reading "Principles of Chemistry: From Stoichiometry to Molecular Orbital Theory" »

Letters Giving Advice

Introduction

Paragraph 1 - Thanks for the letter and express understanding of the problem.

Main Body

Paragraphs 2, (3) - Suggestion(s) and reason(s).

Conclusion

Final paragraph - Closing remarks.

Useful Language for Letters Giving Advice

Opening Remarks

Formal

• Thank you for your letter requesting...
• I am writing in reply to your letter asking for advice about...
• I hope the following advice will be of some help to you, etc.

Informal

• I just got your letter and I think I can help you...
• I was sorry to hear about your problem. Here's what I think you should do, etc.

Suggestions

Suggestions can be introduced with expressions such as:

Formal

• I strongly recommend that...
• I would suggest that...
• I believe the best course of action is...
• I would advise

What Was World War II?

World War II, a global armed conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, was a total war in two distinct aspects. Firstly, civilian populations became primary targets and the war's most tragic victims. Secondly, the conflict engulfed all continents, marking it as one of the most brutal and inhumane wars in history.

Driven by Nazi expansionism, World War II represented an ideological struggle. It pitted democracy and socialism against fascism, even sparking civil conflicts within the Axis powers—Germany, Italy, and Japan. The Allied forces—including Britain, France, the USA, and the Soviet Union—fought for liberal democratic principles.

As the largest armed conflict in human history, World War II resulted in unprecedented destruction,... Continue reading "World War II: Causes, Impact, and Legacy" »

The Boatman Had Good Control of the Boat

Strong winds played with the tiny boat and the crowd of people nearly caused it to turn over several times, but the boatman had a strong hand, and before long he was near the shore of Greece and shouting at the passengers to get out.

The Country on the Border with Greece Didn't Want the Refugees to Come In

There were soldiers with guns and dogs. Furious people banged on the metal fence which had been built to block their path, but there was no way through. Worrying about his mother and Salah affected Tariq badly. For a moment, Tariq felt free and happy, but then he asked himself, 'How could I be happy until I know that my mother and my brother are safe?'

The Soldiers Weren't Sympathetic to Hassan and Tariq

'... Continue reading "The Journey of Refugees: Struggles, Challenges, and Hope" »

Verb Tenses

Conditionals

Passive

Write C++/Java program to draw 3-D cube and perform following transformations on it using OpenGL.

Scaling

#include // Include the GLUT header file

void display (void) {

glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f); // Clear the background of our window to blue

glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT); // Clear the colour buffer (more buffers later on)

glLoadIdentity(); // Load the Identity Matrix to reset our drawing locations

glTranslatef(0.3f, 0.3f,-6.0f); // Push everything 5 units back into the scene, otherwise we won't see the primitive

//glScalef(0.5f, 1.0f, 2.0f); // Make the shape half as wide, the same height and twice as deep

glutWireCube(2.0f); // Render the primitive

glLoadIdentity(); // Load the Identity Matrix to reset our drawing locations

glTranslatef(0.0f,... Continue reading "3-D Cube Transformations in OpenGL" »