Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

The Boy in the Striped Pajamas is a book written by John Boyne. It is a historical novel that explores the main themes of loneliness, boredom, and the divisions between the Jews and the Germans. The story revolves around Bruno, a boy who moves with his parents next to a Nazi death camp. He befriends Shmuel, a small and pale boy, and one day they both enter the gas chamber and tragically die.

Main Characters:

• Shmuel: A small and thin boy, similar to Bruno
• Bruno: The main character, son of a powerful commander
• Mother: Bruno and Gretel's mother, with red hair
• Gretel: Bruno's older sister
• Father: Bruno's dad, commander of the German army

I highly recommend this book as it vividly portrays the historical context and the problems of that time.

BLOCK 25. Teaching pronunciation to children It is important to teach pronunciation because good Pronunciation is very important for communication. It is important that you speak clearly and that other people understand What you mean: intelligibility. It is important to say that it is not Necessary for students or teacher to have an English accent.Jazz chants (the song of Simple, short and repetitive songs to teach new vocabulary), rhymes and songscan be used as…-Warmers-As A transition from one activity to the next-To Introduce new language-To Practice / revise language-To Change the mood-To Get everybody’s attention

It is good use jazz chants, rhymes and songs because They are…-A linguistic resource (introduces/ practice New language,... Continue reading "Concept of education" »

Writs in Indian Law

Habeas Corpus

"Habeas Corpus" is a Latin term which literally means "you may have the body." The writ is issued to produce a person who has been detained, whether in prison or in private custody, before a court and to release him if such detention is found illegal.

AK Roy vs Union of India, Kanu Sanyal vs District Magistrate

Mandamus

"Mandamus" is a Latin word, which means "We Command". Mandamus is an order from the Supreme Court or High Court to a lower court or tribunal or public authority to perform a public or statutory duty. This writ of command is issued by the Supreme Court or High Court when any government, court, corporation or any public authority has to do a public duty but fails to do so.

East India vs Collector of

Conditional Legislation

The legislature makes the law. It is full and let. No legislative function is delegated to the executive authorities. The said law is not brought into force and it is left to the executive to put the Act into operation on fulfillment of certain conditions or contingencies, and for that reason, the legislation is called 'Conditional Legislation' or 'Contingent Legislation'.

In Inder Singh v. State of Rajasthan

Judicial Control of Delegated Legislation

1. Substantive ultra vires
2. Procedural

Substantive:

• Parent act is unconstitutional
• Delegated Legislation is inconsistent with parent act
• Delegated legislation is unconstitutional
• Unreasonable
• Mala fide or bad faith
• Subdelegation
• Exclusion of judicial review
• Retrospective operation

Rule of

Separation of Powers

• Legislative Function
• Executive Function
• Judicial Function

Administrative Law

Collectivisation

The USSR needed to produce more food, so increasing production was essential. The majority of peasants were poor and lacked equipment for working the land. The kulaks were rich peasants who were influential in villages but annoyed the Communist Party. Stalin began collectivising all farms: peasants worked together on lands, and when the harvest was collected, a part was sold to the government at a low price, the rest for peasants. They were forced to collectivise. The problem with collectivisation was that due to the speed of the change, their traditional way of life was destroyed. Kulaks resisted the change. The new exploitations were forced to grow particular crops needed for industry and had to supply a specific amount to... Continue reading "Impact of Collectivisation and Stalin's Purges in the USSR" »

Brest-Litovsk Peace

Germans were advancing in Russia and they signed the Brest Litovsk Treaty, so Russia left WW1, having accepted German conditions. A civil war started in Russia because people saw communists as danger.

Civil War

• Whites were anti-communists.

• Reds were communists.

Great Britain, France and US helped the Whites to stop communism. Red forces were united while White forces were not. That made difficult the coordination of their attacks. When the red Army defeated their enemies in Russia, they went to Poland to spread communism, but Poland defeated them. Tsar and his family were executed

War communism and mutiny

• War communism was a system established by the Reds to win the War. They had power over the people and they use violence in case

Russian Revolution: The Path to Change

Russia Under Tsarist Rule: Seeds of Discontent

His government was unpopular for several reasons:

• The Tsar held absolute power; there was no parliament. The country's wealth and land were primarily owned by a noble class, and the Church was firmly on the Tsar's side.
• Peasant villages were controlled by the ‘mir’ (local council), which interfered in business and had the power to decide what peasants were allowed to own.
• The growth of industry led to a large working population, but workers faced poor conditions and low wages.
• In 1905, Russia suffered a humiliating defeat by Japan.
• There were widespread strikes and demonstrations, such as Bloody Sunday. Workers marched to the Tsar's Winter Palace asking for better

Protecting Your Digital Identity

Person’s digital identity: Is all information that you can find about a person on the internet, written by itself or other people. It is important because if you are looking for a job, everyone can see it and you have to be aware.

Best Way to Back Up Your Information

Best way to do a backup of your information: First and foremost, you need to back up your personal files. You can always reinstall your operating system and redownload your programs if your hard drive fails, but your own personal data is irreplaceable. Any personal documents, photos, home videos, and any other data on your computer should be backed up regularly. Those can never be replaced. Your operating system, programs, and other settings can... Continue reading "Protecting Your Digital Identity and Backing Up Your Data" »