Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Baccalaureate

Irregular Verbs List (1–70)

This comprehensive list presents 70 essential irregular verbs. Study the four principal forms (Base Form, Past Simple, Past Participle, and Present Participle) alongside their Spanish meanings to improve your fluency.

1. sweep – swept – swept – sweeping – barrer
2. drink – drank – drunk – drinking – beber
3. ride – rode – ridden – riding – cabalgar/montar
4. fall – fell – fallen – falling – caer
5. sing – sang – sung – singing – cantar
6. set – set – set – setting – colocar
7. eat – ate – eaten – eating – comer
8. buy – bought – bought – buying – comprar
9. meet – met – met – meeting – conocer (gente)
10. know – knew – known – knowing – conocer (saber)
11. get – got – gotten

Big Cities or Small Villages?

Nerea (excited): Silvia, imagine us living in a big city — lights, cafés, subways, people everywhere! It’s so alive!

Silvia (smiling): Alive, yes… but also loud, crowded, and always rushing. I’d rather live in a small village.

Nerea (laughing): A village? What would you even do there all day?

Silvia: Plenty! Walk in nature, talk to neighbors, breathe clean air. Life feels real there.

Nerea: But I love the city’s energy! So many things to do — theaters, shops, concerts!

Silvia: And in a small village, you have time to think, to listen, to just be.

Nerea (teasing): You and your peace and quiet!

Silvia (laughing): And you and your noise and lights!

Nerea (pausing): Still… cities can be stressful. Always traffic,... Continue reading "The Great Debate: City Energy vs. Countryside Calm" »

Sample Size Calculation

To find what n must be:

n ≥ (Z_1-α/2 / MOE)² * p(1-p)

Wald Confidence Interval

SE^ = sqrt((p^ * (1 – p)) / n)

Odds Ratio Analysis

Calculated by criss-cross of 2x2 table.

Example: The odds for someone to smoke ≥ 5 cigarettes and have lung cancer is 3.40 times that of someone who smokes < 5 cigarettes daily to have lung cancer.

Fisher's Exact Test

Used when cell frequencies are < 5 in a 2x2 table. Tests for independence.

• H₀: Odds ratio = 1
• H_A: Odds ratio ≠ 1

Chi-Square Test of Independence

• H₀: The two variables are independent.
• H_A: The two variables are not independent.

Logit Model

To find the number of odds used in the model, find all combinations of levels (e.g., a 2x3 model has 6 combinations).

Exp(estimate) = odds for... Continue reading "Statistical Analysis Cheat Sheet: Formulas and Methods" »

Lab 8: Temperature and Microbial Growth

Key Concepts

• Psychrophiles grow best between 0–20°C. Often found in cold environments like glaciers.
• Mesophiles prefer 20–45°C. These include human pathogens like E. coli.
• Thermophiles thrive at 55°C or higher. They are often found in hot springs.

Materials and Their Functions

• Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB): A nutrient-rich medium that supports bacterial growth.
• Incubators set to different temperatures (4°C, 25°C, 37°C, 55°C): Used to simulate environmental conditions.
• Spectrophotometer (OD600): Measures turbidity (cloudiness) of a culture to estimate cell density.
• Classification by growth: “+++” indicates heavy growth; “0” means no growth.

In this lab, students investigated how temperature affects... Continue reading "Microbiology Lab Fundamentals: Growth, Metabolism, Genetics" »

Discovering Lucena: A Cultural Gem in Andalusia

Lucena is a city in the south of Spain, located in the province of Córdoba, Andalusia. It is a unique destination defined by its rich history and a harmonious blend of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish cultures.

Historical Significance and Landmarks

Lucena boasts a deep historical legacy. Once a vital center for the Jewish community, the town preserves its heritage within its historic quarter. Key landmarks include:

• Castillo del Moral: A medieval castle that now houses an informative museum.
• Church of San Mateo: A site renowned for its stunning architectural design.

Traditions and Gastronomy

Lucena is celebrated for its vibrant traditions and culinary excellence:

• Semana Santa (Holy Week): Features solemn

1. Cambio de tiempo verbal (Backshift)

Cambios en las palabras de tiempo

Cambios en pronombres

Preguntas

The Human Digestive System: An Introduction

The digestive system transfers organic nutrients, vitamins, minerals, and water from the foods we eat to the internal environment. Upon entering the body, food moves through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and the nutrients are absorbed and transported to the circulatory system where they are utilized.

Net Gain to the Body

Food and air are the primary sources of net gain to the body.

Distribution within the Body

Nutrients and substances are distributed throughout the body via the GI tract, lungs, storage deposits, and metabolism.

Net Loss from the Body

Excretion from the body occurs via the lungs, GI tract, kidneys, and skin.

Epithelial Cells

Epithelial cells separate compartments and are crucial in the digestive... Continue reading "Human Digestion and Metabolic Regulation" »

Mastering English Grammar and Vocabulary

Grammar and Sentence Practice

1. Peter was looking forward to escaping from Auschwitz with Mary.
2. In spite of women having a professional life, they still have to do most of the housework.
3. Peter and Mary were given two different books in the afternoon.
4. He isn't attracted by the wages and the working conditions.
5. Mary has pushed the table into the corner.
6. Mary, whose purse has been stolen, was very upset.
7. If Peter tried harder, he could find a job.
8. If he hadn't arrived so late, he would have seen the famous writer.
9. Mary doesn't mind working hard for the organization.
10. The teacher asked the students to stop those attacks.
11. They used to live in peace when they were children.
12. Unless you return my trainers, I will tell the teacher.

Geopolitics as a Material Science

Geopolitics (Kjellen): merge geography and politics into a science on how the ability to control access to resources and to defend national interests creates the material base for a nation's behaviour.

Late 19th to early 20th century: Competition for global power between imperial nations.

Classical geopolitical theorists

Mahan: Naval power is central to projecting power. This influenced U.S. strategy to build global naval bases. Example: bases in Guam, the Caribbean basin, etc.

Ratzel: Darwinian view of a hostile world and struggle for survival.

Mackinder: Focus on geographic benefits or limits to material conditions and transportation technology; the interplay of land power and sea power. The Heartland geostrategic... Continue reading "Geopolitics, Development and the Anthropocene: Power, Food, Energy" »