Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

Passive Voice

Tenses

• Present Simple: am/is/are + past participle
• Present Continuous: am/is/are + being + past participle
• Present Perfect: have/has + been + past participle
• Past Simple: was/were + past participle
• Past Continuous: was/were + being + past participle
• Past Perfect: had + been + past participle
• Future Simple: will + be + past participle
• Future Perfect: will + have + been + past participle

Conditionals

• Zero Conditional (Universal Truths): If + present, present
• First Conditional (Reality): If + present simple, will/can/must + infinitive
• Second Conditional (Unlikely): If + past simple, would/could/might + infinitive
• Third Conditional (Missed Opportunity): If + past perfect, would/could/might + have + past participle

Reported Speech

• Present Simple →

Enhance your English proficiency with this curated list of key terms and their Spanish equivalents or definitions. Perfect for students and language learners looking to expand their vocabulary.

• Hereditary (hereditario)
• Sitting exams (hacer un examen)
• Surroundings (lugar y condiciones en el que alguien vive; entorno)
• Come up (aparecer, venir)
• Reinforcing (reforzar)
• Get through (superar, salir adelante)
• Proof (prueba)
• Leave out (dejar fuera)
• Passed on (pasar algo, transmitir)
• Pick up (recoger información)
• Convinced (convencido)
• Swot up on (empollar)
• Adhered to (tener alguna creencia religiosa; adherirse a)
• Work out (planear algo, resolver)
• Cerebral (cerebral)
• Lack (falta de)
• Accomplished (hábil, consumado)
• Flaw (error, defecto)
• Ignorant (ignorante)
• Brought up

Essential English Vocabulary

Common Verbs and Phrases

Cram: To stuff something into a tight space.

Example: I tried to cram all my clothes into one suitcase, but it didn't work.

Figure out: To understand or solve something.

Example: I figured out that math problem.

Nurture: To care for and encourage the growth or development of someone or something.

Example: Parents need to nurture their children to help them become good people.

Pull yourself together: To regain control of your emotions.

Example: Stop crying and pull yourself together.

Rough and ready: Done quickly and without much care; basic.

Example: Today's homework is rough and ready.

Scheme: A plan or plot, often secret or dishonest.

Example: The officials schemed against the president.

Shift: To move... Continue reading "Essential English Vocabulary and Grammar Guide" »

Comparative and Superlative Adjectives

Short Adjectives (One Syllable)

Adjectives Ending in -y or -le

Longer Adjectives (Two or More Syllables)

Irregular Adjectives

As... As Comparisons

• My horse can run as fast as a car.
  Mi caballo puede correr tan rápido como un coche.
• He doesn't play

Mastering English Tenses

Present Perfect

• Affirmative (A): Subject + Have/Has + Past Participle (3rd column/-ed)
• Negative (N): Subject + Haven't/Hasn't + Past Participle (3rd column/-ed)
• Interrogative (I): Have/Has + Subject + Past Participle (3rd column/-ed)

Uses:

• To talk about experiences over a period of time, contrasting the past and the present.
• To describe an event in the past without a definite time.
• To talk about achievements.
• To talk about multiple actions repeated at different times.

Past Perfect

• Affirmative (A): Subject + Had + Past Participle (3rd Column/-ed)
• Negative (N): Subject + Hadn't + Past Participle (3rd column/-ed)
• Interrogative (I): Had + Subject + Past Participle (3rd column/-ed)

Uses:

• To describe a past event which happened before another

Mastering Conditionals: As Long As, Even If, Unless

As Long As, Even If, Providing That, Unless:

• Unless: Substitutes the negative part of a sentence.
• Example: We'll be late IF we DON'T leave now // We'll be late UNLESS we leave now.
• Even if: Used to avoid negative verb forms.
• Example: The workers won't strike IF their wages are increased // The workers will strike EVEN IF their wages are increased.
• Providing that or as long as: Substitutes "but only if."

Understanding Conditionals

• First Conditional: (if + Present Simple) + (will + infinitive) /// (will + infinitive) + (if + Present Simple). Used to talk about possible or probable future events or to make promises.

Modal Verbs in First Conditional

Used for possibility: may/might

Used for permission: can

Used... Continue reading "Mastering English Conditionals, Gerunds, and Infinitives" »

Wanchun is the new fashionable social network. Released to the public just two months ago, it's already in the top three most used networks and applications.

Unlike other applications, Wanchun has tried to innovate by adding several functions that the rest do not have.

Although some say they could improve by reducing the application's size, as it takes up a lot of space, it's undoubtedly a highly recommended social network. If you like the ones you have, how could you not like Wanchun? It has the same improved functions and others that you haven't seen in any other app.

Joshua's Determination

Joshua looked at the board, where his teacher had posted the test results.

When he saw his grade, he was very worried as he didn't know if he could pass the... Continue reading "Wanchun: The New Social Network Taking the World by Storm" »

English Grammar Guide

Passive Voice

Forming the Passive Voice

The passive voice is formed using the verb "to be" in the appropriate tense, followed by the past participle of the main verb.

• Affirmative: subject + verb "to be" + past participle (e.g., The appointment was canceled by the doctor.)
• Negative: subject + verb "to be" + "not" + past participle (e.g., The appointment wasn't canceled by the patient.)
• Interrogative: verb "to be" + subject + past participle (e.g., Was the appointment canceled by the doctor?)

Changing Sentences to Passive Voice

1. Make the object of the active sentence the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Use the correct form of the verb "to be" based on the tense of the active sentence.
3. Change the main verb to its past participle form.

What is FMEA?

FMEA (Failure Mode and Effects Analysis) is a methodology aimed at achieving Quality Assurance. Through systematic analysis, it contributes to the identification and prevention of failure modes for both products and processes/services. It is a tool that systematically investigates the potentially weak points of products, processes, and services, quantifying and evaluating their risk of failure.

Objectives of FMEA

• Customer satisfaction
• Introduce the philosophy of prevention to companies
• Analyze the effects and failures that may affect a product or process
• Stipulate the means and procedures for each failure mode, and assign a method of detection for each failure
• Adopt corrective and preventive actions

Types of FMEA

Design FMEA

The study of... Continue reading "FMEA Essentials: Prevent Failures & Enhance Quality" »

Present Simple - Past Simple (2 Columns)

Present Continuous - Past Continuous

She was, were writing

Past Simple and Present Perfect Simple

She wrote, she has written

Past Perfect Simple

She had written

Future Simple

Will write

Conditional

She would write

Time Expressions

This morning, afternoon, evening, week, month, year - That

Today - That day

Tonight - That night

Next week, month, year - That

Yesterday - The day before

Last summer, week, month, year - The ... before

Now - At the time

Tomorrow - The following day

Here - There

A week, month, year ago - The week, month, year before

Verb Patterns

Verb + That

Rebeca admitted, complained, explained, mentioned, pointed out, proved, recommended, said, stated, suggested that the subject should verb.

Verb + To + Infinitive

David... Continue reading "English Grammar and Vocabulary Guide: Tenses, Time Expressions, and More" »