Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

English Grammar Cheat Sheet

Past Simple vs. Present Perfect

Past Simple

Use for completed actions in the past.

Time markers: yesterday, last week, two days ago, when

Present Perfect

Use for actions that started in the past and continue to the present.

Time markers: never, ever, already, just, yet, lately, for, since

For negative sentences, use the corresponding positive tense.

Questions

Use the same tense as the original statement.

Structure: (wh + verb + subject + verb + rest of the sentence)

If there's only one verb, conjugate the verb 'to be' in the corresponding tense.

Question words:

• What - qué
• When - cuándo
• Where - dónde
• How many - cuánto
• Who - quién
• Why - por qué
• Which - cuál

Relative Clauses

Defining

No commas needed. If the relative pronoun is the... Continue reading "English Grammar Cheat Sheet: Mastering Key Concepts" »

According to economic theory, under what assumption is the existence of a natural monopoly efficient?

R. It exists when a market is provided in the cheapest and most efficient way by a single company with decreasing costs.

In this market structure there is only one buyer and one or more suppliers.

R. Monopsony

PART III

El concepto de Agente Económico ha sido debatido constantemente en el campo de competencia económica, si bien la definición de la Ley busca comprender a la totalidad del concepto para facultar a la autoridad en su uso, este término no ha sido ajeno a interpretaciones judiciales que han limitado su aplicación en la práctica.

The term economic agent has also been subject to judicial review and interpretation. In some cases, the

Data Source and Currency

This comprehensive table presents detailed information on the minimum wage in various countries. The data is sourced from Eurostat, and the currency used is the euro.

Notable Changes

It is noteworthy that some countries have experienced minor adjustments to their minimum wage, such as Montenegro, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands.

Highest and Second-Highest Minimum Wages

Luxembourg boasts the highest minimum wage globally, at one thousand four hundred and ninety-eight point forty-seven euros. Ireland follows closely with a minimum wage of one thousand six hundred and thirteen point ninety-five euros.

Ireland's Minimum Wage Trend

Ireland has witnessed a significant increase in its minimum wage over the years. Just four years... Continue reading "Minimum Wage Comparison Across Countries" »

Reported Speech: Tense Transformations

Understanding how tenses change when converting direct speech to reported speech is crucial for accurate and effective communication. This document provides a clear breakdown of these transformations.

Was/Were Going To

Affirmative Sentences

To form the affirmative, use the correct form of 'to be' followed by 'going to' and a verb.

Subject + was/were + going to + verb + rest of the sentence.

Example: They were going to dance at a party.

Negative Sentences

To form the negative, negate the verb 'to be'.

Subject + wasn't/weren't + going to + verb + rest of the sentence.

Example: They weren't going to dance at a party.

Interrogative Sentences

To form a question, invert the verb 'to be' and the subject.

Was/were + subject + going to + verb + rest of the sentence?

Example: Were they going to dance at a party?

Hope and Wish

The word 'wish' is often used to talk about unreal situations.

Example: I wish I had more money. (I don't have much money)

'Hope' is used in... Continue reading "English Grammar Guide: Was/Were Going To, Hope/Wish, Adjectives, and Relative Clauses" »

Minutes: Page 35

Visitor Management

BG opened the meeting by reminding attendees that visitor numbers are strictly monitored. She stated that the number of ship passengers, the duration of their stay, and sites visited are recorded meticulously. She also pointed out that each ship receives a compulsory site schedule from the park, and visitors are not allowed free access to sensitive sites.

Sustainable Tourism Concerns

LC acknowledged that this scheme had been beneficial but felt that there should be an annual limit to the number of tourists. He warned that the present situation was unsustainable and urged the meeting to take action to protect the islands from further degradation. JB confirmed that this was indeed the case and was worried about... Continue reading "Sustainable Tourism and Visitor Management in the Galapagos Islands" »

Reported Speech and English Grammar Essentials

Direct and Reported Speech

Time and Place Changes in Reported Speech

Question Words in Reported Speech

• What

Essential English Vocabulary

• Supportive: Apoyo
• Helpful: Servicial
• Outgoing: Extrovertida
• Extroverted: Extrovertido
• Truthful: Veraz
• Sincere: Sincero
• Enthusiastic: Entusiasta
• Energetic: Energético
• Dependable: Confiable
• Reliable: De confianza
• Responsible: Responsable
• Mature: Maduro
• Cruel: Cruel
• Mean: Media
• Optimistic: Optimista
• Positive: Positivo
• Sympathetic: Simpático
• Kind: Tipo
• Bitter: Amargo
• Angry: Enojado
• Eager: Ansioso
• Willing: Complaciente
• Dedicated: Dedicado
• Determined: Determinado

More Useful Words

• Bully: Matón
• Victims: Víctimas
• Star: Estrella
• Founder: Fundador
• Get involved: Involucrarse
• Get things done: Terminar las cosas
• Get better: Mejorar
• Get the feeling: Da la sensación
• Get permission: Obtener permiso
• Get used to: Acostumbrarse a
• Make an effort: Haz un esfuerzo
• Make