Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Spanish

Mastering English: Time, Word Building, and Connectors

Time Vocabulary and Expressions

Verbs related to time:

• Give: dar
• Have: tener
• Kill: matar
• Make up for: compensar
• Run out of: quedarse sin
• Save: guardar
• Spare: sobrante
• Take: tomar
• Take up: absorber
• Waste: perder

Prepositions of Time:

• At: en
• Before: antes
• By: por
• For: para
• From: desde
• In: dentro de
• Off: apagado
• On: sobre
• To: a

Common Time Expressions:

• With time to spare: con tiempo de sobra
• The whole time: todo el tiempo
• Time's up: se acabó el tiempo
• Short of time: poco tiempo
• I've got time on my hands: tengo el tiempo en mis manos
• For the time being: siendo por el momento
• A question of time: una cuestión de tiempo
• A long time ago: hace mucho tiempo
• There isn't much time left: no queda mucho tiempo
• The time next week:

English–Spanish Vocabulary

• Earn: ganar
• Write his: escribir su
• An application form: un formulario de solicitud
• An advert: un anuncio
• Vacancy: vacantes
• Started work: trabajo iniciado
• A part-time job: un trabajo a tiempo parcial
• Filled: lleno
• Application form: formulario de aplicaciones
• Offered: ofrecido
• A job: un trabajo
• Successful: exitoso
• Worried: preocupado
• Businessman: empresario
• About: acerca de
• Someone: alguien
• Remembering: recordando
• First: primero
• Looking: mirando
• Start: comienzo
• Would like: gustaría
• Expect: esperar
• Don't mind: no importa
• Spend time: pasar el tiempo
• Want: querer
• Learn: aprender
• Need: necesidad
• Doing: obra
• Thinks: pensar
• Abroad: en el extranjero

Common Objects and Question Words

• Paper aeroplane: avión de papel
• Place again: lugar de nuevo
• Same: mismo
• Sense

Introduction: hacer introducción general del tema, Ej: Some people claim/believe/say (algunas personas afirman/creen/dicen), It is sometimes said (a veces se dice) Arguments in favor: damos argumentos de lo que apoyemos (poner unos cuantos) Ej: Let me start by saying (déjame empezar diciendo), On the one hand (por un lado). Arguments against: si no es lo que defiendes poner pocos Ej: On the other hand...(por otra parte), Secondly (en segundo lugar) Conclusion: poner tu opinión Ej: In conclusión (en conclusion).EXPRESSIONS: However (sin embargo), still (todavia) though (aunque), that (que) while (mientras que) In fact (de hecho) actually (actualmente) owing to (debido a) bebidas (además). INTRODUCCIÓN: Las personas suelen estar acostumbradas

The Sophists: Masters of Rhetoric and Philosophy in Antiquity

The Sophists in Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire

The Sophists were a specific type of teacher in both Ancient Greece and the Roman Empire. Many Sophists specialized in using the tools of philosophy and rhetoric, although other Sophists taught subjects such as music, athletics, and mathematics. In general, they claimed to teach areté ("excellence" or "virtue"), predominantly to young statesmen and nobility.

The early Sophists' practice of charging money for education and providing wisdom only to those who could pay led to condemnations, notably by Socrates. Despite these criticisms, many Sophists flourished in later periods, especially during the era of Roman history known as the... Continue reading "Sophists: Teachers of Ancient Greece and Rome" »

Modal Verbs for Speculation

When you are sure something is true:

• Ex: He must be rich. He drives a Ferrari.
• He hasn't come to class. He must have fallen asleep.
• He must be sleeping.

When you are not sure something is true (50-50):

• Ex: He hasn't come to class. He might/may/could be ill.
• He hasn't passed the exam. He may/might not have studied very much (do not use 'could' in negatives).

When you are sure something is not true:

• Ex: He can't be Spanish. He only speaks English.
• He got a 0 in the exam. He can't/couldn't have studied very much.

'Should' for Expectations:

• Ex: The classes aren't complicated this year. The exam SHOULD BE quite easy.

Inversion

• Not only is my brother lazy, but he's also very selfish.
• Not until you can behave like an adult will we treat

VOCABULARY:

accomplishment (14): èxit

background (11): orígens, experiència

defeat (6): derrota

draw (4): dibuixar

gift (4): tenir un don

guidance (8): direcció

move (4): moviment

referee (7): àrbitre 

self-esteem (4-6): autoestima

sportsmanship (13): esportivitat

stamina (7): resistència

teammate (8): company d'equip

willpower (9): força de voluntat

beat (4): batre

catch up with (5-2-4): posar-se al dia amb

devote (oneself) (6): dedicar-se

enhance (7): millorar

excel (5)/excel at (5-2): ser molt bo en

flee (4): fugir

go in for (2-2-3): anar per

let down (3-4): deixar tirat

sit out (3-3): seure

tell apart (4-5): diferenciar

try out for (3-3-3): provar per

stunning (8): fantàstic

a bad loser (1-3-5): mal perdedor 

(be) a good sport ((2)1-

English Language Essentials

Key Vocabulary for Global Issues

• War (guerra)
• Peace (paz)
• Terrorism (terrorismo)
• Immigration (inmigración)
• Famine (hambruna)
• Malnutrition (malnutrición)
• Poverty (pobreza)
• Racism (racismo)
• Pollution (contaminación)
• The environment (el medio ambiente)
• Disease (enfermedad)
• Illiteracy (analfabetismo)

Mastering the Verb 'Get'

• Get fatter: become
• Get home: arrive
• Get presents: receive
• Get a medal: obtain
• Get a sandwich: buy
• Get someone a glass of water: bring

Useful Expressions for English Dialogue

• So do I/Neither do I (Yo también/yo tampoco)
• I suppose so (Supongo que sí)
• Do you think so? (Usted cree?)
• I agree/I don't agree (Estoy de acuerdo/No estoy de acuerdo)
• I'm not sure. Maybe you're right. (No estoy seguro, quizás tengas razón).

Core

Gramática: Verbos modales

• Can: se puede traducir como "poder" en español y expresa habilidad o posibilidad. Por ejemplo: I can speak English fluently. También se usa para pedir permiso o preguntar si algo es posible: Can I have some sugar in my tea, please?
• Could: es la forma en pasado de can. También se puede usar para preguntas con el mismo significado que can, pero es más formal. Could you please help me with my English pronunciation?
• Will: se usa para formar el futuro, ya que no existe un tiempo verbal específico para hacer esto en inglés. También sirve para pedir favores o información: Will they cover your travel expenses on the trip? Una versión más formal de will es shall.
• Should: similar al castellano "deber", se usa para expresar

Understanding Service Sectors

Types of Services

• By Provider: Services can be public or private.
• By Function: Services can relate to business, transport, or tourism.
• By Technology Use:
  • Traditional Services: Do not use new technologies.
  • Advanced Services: Utilize new technologies.

Where Services Are Located

The location of services is influenced by several factors:

• Government commitment to providing basic social services.
• High income levels of inhabitants.
• Low employment in agricultural and industrial sectors.
• Tertiarization of industries (shift towards service-based economies).

Why Outsourcing Occurs

Developed countries often transfer some of these services to less developed countries where labor is cheaper, leading to outsourcing.

Key Service Sectors

Transport